二甲双胍

**二甲双胍**
臨床資料
读音	/mɛtˈfɔːrmɪn/, met-FAWR-min
商品名（英语：Drug nomenclature）	Glucophage, other
AHFS/Drugs.com	Monograph
MedlinePlus	a696005
核准狀況	美 FDA: metformin;
懷孕分級	澳: C ; ;
给药途径	口服
ATC碼	A10BA02 (WHO) ;
法律規範狀態
法律規範	澳：限医生处方（S4）; 加：处方药（℞-only）; 英：处方药（℞-only） (POM); 美：处方药（℞-only）;
藥物動力學數據
生物利用度	50–60%
血漿蛋白結合率	很小
药物代谢	不经过肝脏
生物半衰期	4-8.7小时
排泄途徑	尿液（90%）
识别信息
	IUPAC命名法 N,N-Dimethylimidodicarbonimidic diamide; ;
CAS号	657-24-9
PubChem CID	4091;
IUPHAR/BPS	4779;
DrugBank	DB00331;
ChemSpider	3949 ;
UNII	9100L32L2N; 786Z46389E;
KEGG	D04966 ;
ChEBI	CHEBI:6801 ;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL1431 ;
CompTox Dashboard（英语：CompTox Chemicals Dashboard） (EPA)	DTXSID2023270 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.010.472
化学信息
化学式	C4H11N5
摩尔质量	129.16364 g/mol
3D模型（JSmol（英语：JSmol））	交互式图像;
	SMILES CN(C)C(=N)NC(=N)N;
	InChI InChI=1S/C4H11N5/c1-9(2)4(7)8-3(5)6/h1-2H3,(H5,5,6,7,8); Key:XZWYZXLIPXDOLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N ;

二甲双胍（guā）（英語：Metformin）^{[註 1]}，常見商品名格华止、庫魯化（Glucophage），為治疗2型糖尿病的一线药物^[3]^[4]，特别是针对超重的患者^[5]。本品也可用於治療多囊卵巢綜合症^[3]，少數研究顯示也能用於預防糖尿病患者包含如心血管疾病及癌症的併發症^[6]^[7]。本品屬於口服藥物^[3]，且用藥不會造成體重增加^[7]。

二甲雙胍在人體通常沒有顯著副作用^[8]。常見副作用包含腹瀉、惡心，以及腹痛^[3]，造成低血糖的機會不大^[3]。但值得關注的是，不當用藥可能會導致乳酸中毒（英语：Lactic acidosis），嚴重者甚至會死亡^[9]。肝病、腎功能衰竭者不宜服用本品^[3]，妊娠期間用藥目前沒有已知影響，但妊娠糖尿病一般建議以胰島素進行治療^[3]^[10]。本品屬於雙胍類藥物^[3]，藉由降低肝臟糖質新生及提升胰島素敏感度來達到治療的效果^[3]。

二甲双胍最早於1922年發現^[11]，但直到1950年代，法國內科醫師讓·斯特恩（Jean Sterne）開啟了二甲双胍人类应用的临床研究^[11]。1957年，本品開始在法國用於藥用，並於1995年開始於美國使用^[3]^[12]。本品列名於世界卫生组织基本药物标准清单之中，為基礎公衛體系必備藥物之一^[13]。目前相信口服給藥是最有效的給藥途徑^[11]，本品屬於通用名藥物^[3]。2014年本品於已開發國家的批發價為0.21至5.55美元之間^[14]。在美國，一個月療程的藥物花費約於 5 至 25 美元之間^[3]。

标准的500mg二甲双胍片，售卖于英国
丹崖盐酸二甲双胍片(0.25gx100片/盒)

药理

二甲双胍的分子药理机制目前尚不完全清楚。已知其至少作用于肝脏，减少糖异生（即葡萄糖的生产）与减轻胰岛素抵抗^[15]。有研究表明二甲双胍可激活单磷酸腺苷活化的蛋白激酶（英语：AMP-activated protein kinase）（AMP-activated protein kinase，AMPK），是二甲双胍抑制肝脏糖异生、在胰岛素信号传导通路中提高胰岛素的敏感性不可缺少的机制之一^[16]。AMPK作为蛋白激酶不仅在胰岛素信号传导通路中，在全身能量平衡以及葡萄糖和脂肪的代谢中也起着重要作用^[17]。动物实验和临床研究均表明二甲双胍可诱导糖尿病的粪便微生物菌群构成发生重大变化，不仅可能有助于胰高血糖素样肽-1（GLP-1）的分泌及作用，还证实可改善胰岛素的敏感性，也是其抗2型糖尿病作用的重要机制之一^[18]^[19]。

优势

不会增加体重
与其他药品相比不易造成低血糖
减少三酸甘油酯
对低密度脂蛋白有很好的效果
对血压无影响
价格低廉

缺点

患中到重度肾脏疾病或心脏病者忌用，因为可能由于酗酒导致乳酸性酸中毒。
肠胃道症狀，包括噁心、腹泻、腹痛
维生素B12缺乏
金属味觉

抗衰老研究

一些資料顯示，服用二甲双胍的糖尿病患者，其存活率甚至超過其他条件类似但未患糖尿病的人群^[20]，而對二甲双胍在人類身上是否有抗衰老效果的臨床實驗預計於2016年冬在美國開始進行。流行病學研究表明，可預防心臟病、癌症和阿茲海默症等, 令致死疾病減少身體較健康，食十年以上整體增加一成多壽命。 ^[21]

註解

^ 「胍」，拼音：guā，注音：ㄍㄨㄚ，音同「瓜」

参考文献

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 Dunn CJ, Peters DH. Metformin. A review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Drugs. May 1995, 49 (5): 721–49. PMID 7601013. doi:10.2165/00003495-199549050-00007.
^ Hundal RS, Inzucchi SE. Metformin: new understandings, new uses. Drugs. 2003, 63 (18): 1879–94. PMID 12930161. doi:10.2165/00003495-200363180-00001.
^ ^3.00 ^3.01 ^3.02 ^3.03 ^3.04 ^3.05 ^3.06 ^3.07 ^3.08 ^3.09 ^3.10 ^3.11 Metformin Hydrochloride. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. [Jan 2016]. （原始内容存档于2016-12-24）.
^ Maruthur, NM; Tseng, E; Hutfless, S; Wilson, LM; Suarez-Cuervo, C; Berger, Z; Chu, Y; Iyoha, E; Segal, JB; Bolen, S. Diabetes Medications as Monotherapy or Metformin-Based Combination Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.. Annals of Internal Medicine. 19 April 2016. PMID 27088241. doi:10.7326/M15-2650.
^ Clinical Obesity. 2nd. Oxford: John Wiley & Sons. 2008: 262 [2016-09-07]. ISBN 9781405143660. （原始内容存档于2020-09-14）.
^ Malek, M; Aghili, R; Emami, Z; Khamseh, ME. Risk of Cancer in Diabetes: The Effect of Metformin. (PDF). ISRN Endocrinology. 2013, 2013: 636927 [2016-09-07]. PMC 3800579 . PMID 24224094. doi:10.1155/2013/636927. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-09-08）.
^ ^7.0 ^7.1 Type 2 diabetes and metformin. First choice for monotherapy: weak evidence of efficacy but well-known and acceptable adverse effects.. Prescrire international. November 2014, 23 (154): 269–72. PMID 25954799.
^ Triggle, CR; Ding, H. Metformin is not just an antihyperglycaemic drug but also has protective effects on the vascular endothelium.. Acta physiologica (Oxford, England). 17 December 2015. PMID 26680745. doi:10.1111/apha.12644.
^ Lipska KJ, Bailey CJ, Inzucchi SE. Use of metformin in the setting of mild-to-moderate renal insufficiency. Diabetes Care. June 2011, 34 (6): 1431–7. PMC 3114336 . PMID 21617112. doi:10.2337/dc10-2361.
^ Lautatzis, ME; Goulis, DG; Vrontakis, M. Efficacy and safety of metformin during pregnancy in women with gestational diabetes mellitus or polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review.. Metabolism: clinical and experimental. November 2013, 62 (11): 1522–34. PMID 23886298. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2013.06.006.
^ ^11.0 ^11.1 ^11.2 Fischer, Janos. Analogue-based Drug Discovery II. John Wiley & Sons. 2010: 47–49 [2016-09-07]. ISBN 9783527632121. （原始内容存档于2020-12-09）.
^ McKee, Mitchell Bebel Stargrove, Jonathan Treasure, Dwight L. Herb, nutrient, and drug interactions : clinical implications and therapeutic strategies. St. Louis, Mo.: Mosby/Elsevier. 2008: 217 [2016-09-07]. ISBN 9780323029643. （原始内容存档于2020-09-14）.
^ WHO Model List of EssentialMedicines (PDF). World Health Organization. October 2013 [22 April 2014]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2016-04-11）.
^ Metformin. [11 January 2016]. ^{[永久失效連結]}
^ How does this medication work?. OnlineClinic. [2015-01-30]. （原始内容存档于2016-07-22）.
^ Zhou G, Myers R, Li Y, Chen Y, Shen X, Fenyk-Melody J, et al. Role of AMP-activated protein kinase in mechanism of metformin action. The Journal of Clinical Investigation. October 2001, 108 (8): 1167–74. PMC 209533 . PMID 11602624. doi:10.1172/JCI13505 （英语）.
^ Towler MC, Hardie DG. AMP-activated protein kinase in metabolic control and insulin signaling. Circulation Research. February 2007, 100 (3): 328–41. PMID 17307971. doi:10.1161/01.RES.0000256090.42690.05 （英语）.
^ Burcelin R. The antidiabetic gutsy role of metformin uncovered?. Gut. May 2014, 63 (5): 706–7. PMID 23840042. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2013-305370 （英语）.
^ Wu, Hao; Esteve, Eduardo; Tremaroli, Valentina; Khan, Muhammad Tanweer; Caesar, Robert; Mannerås-Holm, Louise; 等. Metformin alters the gut microbiome of individuals with treatment-naive type 2 diabetes, contributing to the therapeutic effects of the drug. Nature Medicine. 2017-07, 23 (7): 850–858 [2021-04-11]. ISSN 1546-170X. doi:10.1038/nm.4345. （原始内容存档于2017-12-11）（英语）.
^ Bannister, C. A.; Holden, S. E.; Jenkins-Jones, S.; Morgan, C. Ll; Halcox, J. P.; Schernthaner, G.; Mukherjee, J.; Currie, C. J. Can people with type 2 diabetes live longer than those without? A comparison of mortality in people initiated with metformin or sulphonylurea monotherapy and matched, non-diabetic controls. Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism. 2014-11, 16 (11): 1165–1173 [2021-08-12]. ISSN 1463-1326. PMID 25041462. doi:10.1111/dom.12354. （原始内容存档于2022-04-05）.
^ 世界首例抗衰老药将临床试验或让人活到120岁. 中新網. 2015-12-02 [2015-12-02]. （原始内容存档于2020-09-16）.

延伸閲讀

Markowicz-Piasecka M, Huttunen KM, Mateusiak L, et al. Is Metformin a Perfect Drug? Updates in Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics. Curr. Pharm. Des. 2017, 23 (17): 2532–2550. PMID 27908266. doi:10.2174/1381612822666161201152941.
McCreight LJ, Bailey CJ, Pearson ER. Metformin and the gastrointestinal tract. Diabetologia. March 2016, 59 (3): 426–35. PMC 4742508 . PMID 26780750. doi:10.1007/s00125-015-3844-9.
Moin T, Schmittdiel JA, Flory JH, et al. Review of Metformin Use for Type 2 Diabetes Prevention. Am J Prev Med. October 2018, 55 (4): 565–574. PMC 6613947 . PMID 30126667. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2018.04.038.
Rena G, Hardie DG, Pearson ER. The mechanisms of action of metformin. Diabetologia. September 2017, 60 (9): 1577–1585. PMC 5552828 . PMID 28776086. doi:10.1007/s00125-017-4342-z.
Sanchez-Rangel E, Inzucchi SE. Metformin: clinical use in type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. September 2017, 60 (9): 1586–1593. PMID 28770321. doi:10.1007/s00125-017-4336-x.
Zhou J, Massey S, Story D, et al. Metformin: An Old Drug with New Applications. Int J Mol Sci. September 2018, 19 (10). PMC 6213209 . PMID 30241400. doi:10.3390/ijms19102863.
Zhou T, Xu X, Du M, et al. A preclinical overview of metformin for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Biomed. Pharmacother. October 2018, 106: 1227–1235. PMID 30119191. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2018.07.085.

外部連結

Metformin. Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine. [2020-02-16]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-02）.

[3] 「胍」，拼音：guā，注音：ㄍㄨㄚ，音同「瓜」

[D95-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 Dunn CJ, Peters DH. Metformin. A review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Drugs. May 1995, 49 (5): 721–49. PMID 7601013. doi:10.2165/00003495-199549050-00007.

[D03-2] Hundal RS, Inzucchi SE. Metformin: new understandings, new uses. Drugs. 2003, 63 (18): 1879–94. PMID 12930161. doi:10.2165/00003495-200363180-00001.

[AHFS2016-4] 3.00 ^3.01 ^3.02 ^3.03 ^3.04 ^3.05 ^3.06 ^3.07 ^3.08 ^3.09 ^3.10 ^3.11 Metformin Hydrochloride. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. [Jan 2016]. （原始内容存档于2016-12-24）.

[Ann2016-5] Maruthur, NM; Tseng, E; Hutfless, S; Wilson, LM; Suarez-Cuervo, C; Berger, Z; Chu, Y; Iyoha, E; Segal, JB; Bolen, S. Diabetes Medications as Monotherapy or Metformin-Based Combination Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.. Annals of Internal Medicine. 19 April 2016. PMID 27088241. doi:10.7326/M15-2650.

[6] Clinical Obesity. 2nd. Oxford: John Wiley & Sons. 2008: 262 [2016-09-07]. ISBN 9781405143660. （原始内容存档于2020-09-14）.

[7] Malek, M; Aghili, R; Emami, Z; Khamseh, ME. Risk of Cancer in Diabetes: The Effect of Metformin. (PDF). ISRN Endocrinology. 2013, 2013: 636927 [2016-09-07]. PMC 3800579 . PMID 24224094. doi:10.1155/2013/636927. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-09-08）.

[Pres2014-8] 7.0 ^7.1 Type 2 diabetes and metformin. First choice for monotherapy: weak evidence of efficacy but well-known and acceptable adverse effects.. Prescrire international. November 2014, 23 (154): 269–72. PMID 25954799.

[9] Triggle, CR; Ding, H. Metformin is not just an antihyperglycaemic drug but also has protective effects on the vascular endothelium.. Acta physiologica (Oxford, England). 17 December 2015. PMID 26680745. doi:10.1111/apha.12644.

[pmid21617112-10] Lipska KJ, Bailey CJ, Inzucchi SE. Use of metformin in the setting of mild-to-moderate renal insufficiency. Diabetes Care. June 2011, 34 (6): 1431–7. PMC 3114336 . PMID 21617112. doi:10.2337/dc10-2361.

[11] Lautatzis, ME; Goulis, DG; Vrontakis, M. Efficacy and safety of metformin during pregnancy in women with gestational diabetes mellitus or polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review.. Metabolism: clinical and experimental. November 2013, 62 (11): 1522–34. PMID 23886298. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2013.06.006.

[Fis2010-12] 11.0 ^11.1 ^11.2 Fischer, Janos. Analogue-based Drug Discovery II. John Wiley & Sons. 2010: 47–49 [2016-09-07]. ISBN 9783527632121. （原始内容存档于2020-12-09）.

[13] McKee, Mitchell Bebel Stargrove, Jonathan Treasure, Dwight L. Herb, nutrient, and drug interactions : clinical implications and therapeutic strategies. St. Louis, Mo.: Mosby/Elsevier. 2008: 217 [2016-09-07]. ISBN 9780323029643. （原始内容存档于2020-09-14）.

[14] WHO Model List of EssentialMedicines (PDF). World Health Organization. October 2013 [22 April 2014]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2016-04-11）.

[15] Metformin. [11 January 2016]. ^{[永久失效連結]}

[16] How does this medication work?. OnlineClinic. [2015-01-30]. （原始内容存档于2016-07-22）.

[Zhou-17] Zhou G, Myers R, Li Y, Chen Y, Shen X, Fenyk-Melody J, et al. Role of AMP-activated protein kinase in mechanism of metformin action. The Journal of Clinical Investigation. October 2001, 108 (8): 1167–74. PMC 209533 . PMID 11602624. doi:10.1172/JCI13505 （英语）.

[18] Towler MC, Hardie DG. AMP-activated protein kinase in metabolic control and insulin signaling. Circulation Research. February 2007, 100 (3): 328–41. PMID 17307971. doi:10.1161/01.RES.0000256090.42690.05 （英语）.

[Burcelin-19] Burcelin R. The antidiabetic gutsy role of metformin uncovered?. Gut. May 2014, 63 (5): 706–7. PMID 23840042. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2013-305370 （英语）.

[20] Wu, Hao; Esteve, Eduardo; Tremaroli, Valentina; Khan, Muhammad Tanweer; Caesar, Robert; Mannerås-Holm, Louise; 等. Metformin alters the gut microbiome of individuals with treatment-naive type 2 diabetes, contributing to the therapeutic effects of the drug. Nature Medicine. 2017-07, 23 (7): 850–858 [2021-04-11]. ISSN 1546-170X. doi:10.1038/nm.4345. （原始内容存档于2017-12-11）（英语）.

[21] Bannister, C. A.; Holden, S. E.; Jenkins-Jones, S.; Morgan, C. Ll; Halcox, J. P.; Schernthaner, G.; Mukherjee, J.; Currie, C. J. Can people with type 2 diabetes live longer than those without? A comparison of mortality in people initiated with metformin or sulphonylurea monotherapy and matched, non-diabetic controls. Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism. 2014-11, 16 (11): 1165–1173 [2021-08-12]. ISSN 1463-1326. PMID 25041462. doi:10.1111/dom.12354. （原始内容存档于2022-04-05）.

[22] 世界首例抗衰老药将临床试验或让人活到120岁. 中新網. 2015-12-02 [2015-12-02]. （原始内容存档于2020-09-16）.

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