User:AddisWang/阿达克 (阿拉斯加州)
| Adak | |
|---|---|
| CDP | |
 Adak | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Alaska |
| Census Area | Aleutians West |
| 面积 | |
| • 总计 | 329.7 平方公里（127.3 平方英里） |
| • 陸地 | 316.9 平方公里（122.4 平方英里） |
| • 水域 | 12.8 平方公里（4.9 平方英里） |
| 海拔 | 50 公尺（164 英尺） |
| 人口（2010） | |
| • 總計 | 326人 |
| 时区 | Hawaii-Aleutian (HST)（UTC-10） |
| • 夏时制 | HDT（UTC-9） |
| ZIP code | 99546 |
| 電話區號 | 907 |
| FIPS code | 02-00065 |
阿达克 (發音： /ˈeɪdæk/)，曾被称为“阿达克站”，是 美国阿拉斯加州西阿留申人口普查区的一个小镇。 At the 2010 census the population was 326. It is the westernmost municipality in the United States and the southernmost city in Alaska.[1] (See Extreme points of the United States.) The city is the former location of the Adak Army Base and Adak Naval Operating Base, NavFac Adak. There are no radio stations within 200英里（320公里） of Adak; radio can be received in Adak only through satellite or shortwave receivers.
地理位置和气候
Adak is located at 51.872° North, 176.636° West (Sec. 10, T096S, R195W, Seward Meridian).[2] Adak is located in the Aleutian Islands Recording District, and the 3rd Judicial District.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 127.3平方英里（330平方公里）, of which, 122.4平方英里（317平方公里） of it is land and 4.9平方英里（13平方公里） of it (3.87%) is water.
Adak is located on Kuluk Bay on Adak Island in the Andreanof Islands group of the Aleutian Islands. It lies 1,200英里（1,930公里） southwest of Anchorage and 450英里（724公里） west of Dutch Harbor, near the Russian end of the arc that makes up this volcanic island chain. Flight time to Anchorage is three hours or longer depending on weather. Adak is the southern-most community in Alaska and on the same latitude as Vancouver Island in Canada, and Brussels, Belgium.
Adak lies in the subpolar oceanic climate zone, characterized by persistently overcast skies, moderated temperatures, high winds, and frequent cyclonic storms. Winter squalls produce wind gusts in excess of 100節（120英里每小時；190公里每小時）. During the summer, extensive fog forms over the Bering Sea and North Pacific. Average temperatures range from 20至60 °F（−7至16 °C）, but wind chill factors can be severe. Total precipitation is 64英寸（1,600毫米） annually, with an average accumulated snowfall of 100英寸（2,500毫米）, which however tends to melt soon after falling. With 263 rainy days per year, Adak has the second highest number of any inhabited locality in the United States after Hilo in Hawaii.
历史和文化
The Aleutian Islands were historically occupied by the Unanga, more commonly known now as the Aleuts. The once heavily-populated island was eventually abandoned in the early 19th century as the Aleutian Island hunters followed the Russian fur trade eastward, and famine set in on the Andreanof Island group. However, they continued to actively hunt and fish around the island over the years, until World War II broke out. Adak Army installations allowed U.S. forces to mount a successful offensive against the Japanese-held islands of Kiska and Attu. After the war, Adak was developed as a naval air station, playing an important role during the Cold War as a submarine surveillance center. Large earthquakes rocked the island in 1957, 1964 and 1977.
At its peak, the station housed over 6,000 naval and Coast Guard personnel and their families. In 1994, the base was downsized, and both family housing and schools were closed. The station officially closed on March 31, 1997. The Aleut Corporation purchased Adak's facilities under a land transfer agreement with the Department of the Interior and the U.S. Navy/Department of Defense. This agreement was finalized in March, 2004. About 30 families with children relocated to Adak in September 1998, most of them Aleut Corp. shareholders, and the former high school was reopened at that time as a K-12 institution. The community incorporated as a second-class city in April 2001. Substantially all of the infrastructure and facilities on Adak are owned by Aleut Corporation, who is currently developing Adak as a commercial center via their subsidiary companies. For example, properties in active use are leased by Adak Commercial Properties, LLC.
Since World War II, the U.S. Navy and Coast Guard developed facilities and recreation opportunities at Adak. At its peak, Adak had a college, a McDonalds restaurant, movie theater, roller skating rink, swimming pool, ski lodge, bowling alleys, skeet range, auto hobby shop, photo lab, and racquetball and tennis courts. A new $18-million hospital was built in 1990, just seven years prior to the closure of the station. By March 2003, six years after the closure of the station, most of these facilities had closed. For a time, Adak became a virtual ghost town. In recent years, trespassing and vandalism have been problematic for the Aleut Corp. The harsh Aleutian wind and weather have all but destroyed the majority of facilities remaining on Adak that are not in active use.
| Adak, Alaska | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 月份 | 1月 | 2月 | 3月 | 4月 | 5月 | 6月 | 7月 | 8月 | 9月 | 10月 | 11月 | 12月 | 全年 |
| 历史最高温 °F（°C） | 50 (10) |
51 (11) |
51 (11) |
56 (13) |
65 (18) |
67 (19) |
73 (23) |
75 (24) |
71 (22) |
61 (16) |
57 (14) |
55 (13) |
75 (24) |
| 平均高温 °F（°C） | 37.2 (2.9) |
37.0 (2.8) |
38.6 (3.7) |
41.3 (5.2) |
45.1 (7.3) |
49.1 (9.5) |
54.0 (12.2) |
55.8 (13.2) |
52.3 (11.3) |
46.9 (8.3) |
41.4 (5.2) |
38.0 (3.3) |
44.7 (7.1) |
| 平均低温 °F（°C） | 28.9 (−1.7) |
28.5 (−1.9) |
30.1 (−1.1) |
32.9 (0.5) |
36.6 (2.6) |
40.8 (4.9) |
44.7 (7.1) |
46.6 (8.1) |
43.6 (6.4) |
38.2 (3.4) |
33.0 (0.6) |
29.9 (−1.2) |
36.2 (2.3) |
| 历史最低温 °F（°C） | 3 (−16) |
3 (−16) |
12 (−11) |
20 (−7) |
20 (−7) |
29 (−2) |
33 (1) |
34 (1) |
28 (−2) |
22 (−6) |
12 (−11) |
8 (−13) |
3 (−16) |
| 平均降水量 英寸（mm） | 6.74 (171) |
5.43 (138) |
6.14 (156) |
4.33 (110) |
4.84 (123) |
3.34 (85) |
2.99 (76) |
4.30 (109) |
5.52 (140) |
7.00 (178) |
7.33 (186) |
7.66 (195) |
65.62 (1,667) |
| 平均降雪量 英寸（cm） | 18.1 (46) |
18.4 (47) |
20.1 (51) |
10.0 (25) |
1.5 (3.8) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.1 (0.25) |
1.5 (3.8) |
10.4 (26) |
19.3 (49) |
99.4 (251.85) |
| 平均降水天数（≥ 0.01 inch） | 24 | 22 | 25 | 22 | 22 | 17 | 16 | 19 | 21 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 263 |
| 数据来源：WRCC[3] | |||||||||||||
人口
| 歷史人口數 | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| 調查年 | 人口 | %± | |
| 1970年 | 2,249 | — | |
| 1980年 | 3,315 | 47.4% | |
| 1990年 | 4,633 | 39.8% | |
| 2000年 | 316 | −93.2% | |
| 2010年 | 326 | 3.2% | |
| source:[4] | |||
As of the census[5] of 2000, there were 316 people, 159 households, and 61 families residing in the city. 人口密度为2.6人每平方英里（1.0人／平方千米）。884个住宅单位的密度为7.2个每平方英里（2.8个／平方千米）。 The racial makeup of the city was 49.68% White, 1.27% Black or African American, 35.13% Native American, 9.81% Asian, 1.90% Pacific Islander, and 2.22% from two or more races. 5.06% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
159个住户中的18.2%有18岁以下的儿童、28.9%是夫妇同居、2.5%是单亲母亲家庭，另有61.6%未形成家庭。 46.5% of all households were made up of individuals and none had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.99 and the average family size was 2.90.
In the city the population was spread out with 18.7% under the age of 18, 9.5% from 18 to 24, 44.3% from 25 to 44, 26.3% from 45 to 64, and 1.3% who were 65 years of age or older. 人口年龄的中位数为35。平均每100名女性对应184.7名男性，18岁以上的人口中每100名女性对应188.8名男性。
The median income for a household in the city was $52,727, and the median income for a family was $53,889. 男性和女性的个人年收入中位数分别$46,429和$35,000。 The per capita income for the city was $31,747. About 3.3% of families and 4.7% of the population were below the poverty line, none of whom were under the age of eighteen or over the age of sixty-five.
公共事业，学校和卫生
Water is derived from Lake Bonnie Rose, Lake De Marie, and Nurses Creek, stored in seven water tanks throughout the community, and piped to facilities and housing units. The wastewater treatment system discharges through a marine outfall line to Kuluk Bay. The permitted landfill, Roberts Landfill, is a Class 2 with balefill. Electricity is provided by TDX Adak. There is one school located in the community, attended by 18 students.
Local hospitals or health clinics include Adak Community Health Center, managed by Eastern Aleutian Tribes, Inc (EAT). The health center provides Family Medicine, Chronic Care and Acute Emergency Care services and is staffed by a physician's assistant and a community health practitioner. Behavioral Health is also provided via tele-video and quarterly site visits. EAT sends a Dentist one week per year to provide limited dental services, otherwise, dental services must be referred outside of Adak. Tele-Radiology(Xray)and Tele-Medicine are also present. Limited lab, pharmacy, and public health services are also available. The pharmacy medications are limited to acute medications. Filling of prescriptions from outside facilities usually cannot be accommodated. All visitors should bring plenty of their own medications as the health center stocks a very limited supply of chronic medications. Adak is classified as an isolated town/sub-regional center, located in EMS Region 2H in the Aleutian/Pribilof Region. Emergency Services have coastal and airport access to Adak. Auxiliary health care is provided by Adak Volunteer Fire Department/EMS.
Adak is served by the Aleutian Region Schools.
The Adak School serves grades K-12.
设施，经济和交通
A land exchange between Aleut Corp., the U.S. Navy, and the Department of the Interior transferred most of the former naval facilities to the Aleut Corp. in March 2004. A portion of the island remains within the Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge, managed by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. The U.S. Navy retains part of the north end of Adak Island (Parcel 4) and does annual sweeps of the Andrew Lake Seawall for unexploded ordnance. Their website lists the Institutional Controls in place for all of Adak as part of the land exchange or Interim Conveyance. The Navy provides the trail maps as part of the ordnance awareness information required to be shown to all Adak residents and visitors. Adak currently provides a fueling port and crew transfer facility for a combination of Seattle and Alaskan based fishing fleet — an airport, docks, housing facilities, restaurant, grocery, and ship supply store are available. Adak Fisheries, LLC, an employer of a large seasonal staff, processes Pacific cod, pollock, mackerel, halibut, snow and king crabs. Four residents hold commercial fishing permits, primarily for groundfish. However, commercial fishing vessels based out of Seattle and other parts of Alaska provide most of the work for the fish plant by regularly offloading their catch in Adak.
Because of its naval aviation past, Adak has an unusually large and sophisticated airport for the Aleutian Islands. The airport is currently operated by the State of Alaska Department of Transportation. Complete with an Instrument Landing System, Adak Airport has no control tower and two 200' wide asphalt paved runways at 19' elevation. One runway measures 7,790' long while the other runway measures 7,605'. Alaska Airlines operates twice weekly 737-400 Combi passenger and cargo jet service from Anchorage. At present, flights operate each Sunday and Thursday (weather permitting). Occasionally, extra seasonal flights are operated to meet the demand of the fishing season. Other facilities in Adak include three deep water docks and fueling facilities. The city has requested funds to greatly expand the Sweeper Cove small boat harbor, including new breakwaters, a 315-英尺（96-米） dock and new moorage floats [需明示出處]. There are approximately 16英里（26公里） of paved and primitive roads on Adak, all privately owned by the Aleut Corporation.
The Aleut are also seeking to develop the water system which has been well maintained and designed for a larger Naval population as an export industry.
旅游
Land use permits are required for all non-residents visiting Aleut Corporation land. Permits can be obtained from the Aleut Enterprise LLC office in Anchorage, or from the Harbormaster at the Port of Adak.
Aleutian Housing Authority (AHA) is the only provider of lodging on Adak, and offers both long-term and short-term accommodations in former Naval officer housing. Housing units are heated, furnished, and include local telephone and cable TV service. It is advisable to make reservations in advance.
The cabins once maintained within the Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge have fallen into disrepair and are unsafe to occupy. The cabin at Three Arm Bay sits on an archaeological site that was transferred to the Aleut Corporation, and is no longer available for rental to the general public.
Camping is possible without a permit on Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge lands, but is generally not recommended due to the harsh climate. The wind on Adak is highly variable and often unpredictable. Gusts can exceed 100節（190公里每小時） or more (the record speed is unknown because the wind ripped the anemometer off of the tower). During the calmer summer months, sustained wind speeds average in the low double digits gusting to 50節（93公里每小時） or more.
Adak offers 16英里（26公里） of paved and gravel roads. These can be explored on foot, by bicycle, or by renting a truck. There is only one vehicle rental business on Adak.
Hunting and fishing are bountiful sports in Adak. Hunters particularly prize Adak caribou, the largest of which can exceed 700 pounds. There is no bag limit for cows, but in 2007, the Board of Game passed new regulations for bulls. If you want to get to the South end of the island where the majority of the caribou are there are currently two licensed local boat charter services - Aleutian Adventure Tours and Homeward Bound Charters. Anglers can find large to enormous halibut in the Kagalaska Straits. Hunters must possess an Alaska state hunting license and a harvest ticket for each animal taken. Non-residents of Alaska must also possess the appropriate big game tag. Anglers require a sport fishing license. All areas of the island with roads are owned by the Aleut Corporation, and a special permit is required for all non-residents accessing this private property. No ATVs are permitted within the wildlife refuge and the Aleut Corporation only allows ATVs on the roads and trails - not on the tundra. Under Alaska state law, wastage is illegal.
Audubon enthusiasts generally do not consider Adak as exciting as Attu. That being said, the high winds are a blessing for birders; many vagrants from Asia and elsewhere can be spotted. Indigenous (but often rare) shore birds abound, and eagles are ubiquitous. Visitors not insistent upon scoring "First North America" sightings will find plenty of variety to enjoy.
Developed trails are limited and most are not maintained. It is possible to hike on the tundra, but visitors are advised both to prepare for frequent weather changes and to never hike alone.
Nightlife and dining opportunities are few on Adak. The Aleutian Sports Bar and Grill (aka ASBAG) is located in the former VFW hall. In addition to a fully licensed bar, ASBAG offers a typical bar menu. Across town is a liquor store. Adak General Store operates out of the former Housing Community Center, the Cold Rock Cafe and bowling alleys have shut down. Even the Mcdonalds couldn't survive in Adak, as it is abandoned now.
参考资料
- ^ Attu Station, Alaska is technically east and is not incorporated.
- ^ US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990. United States Census Bureau. 2011-02-12 [2011-04-23].
- ^ ADAK, ALASKA (500026) (PDF). Western Regional Climate Centre. May 2011 [2011-10-31].
|year=与|date=不匹配 (帮助) - ^ Census Of Population And Housing. U.S. Census Bureau. [2011-04-26]. （原始内容存档于14 April 2011）.
- ^ American FactFinder. United States Census Bureau. [2008-01-31].
- State of Alaska, Division of Community Advocacy, Community Information Summary
- Aleut Corporation's official Adak page
- Adak Maps
- Community Photos
- Fish and Wildlife Service information for Adak hunters
- US Navy site documenting Adak environmental hazards
- Alaska Journal: Aleut seek to export Adak Water
外部链接
- Article and pictures of visit to Adak July 2006 by retired Navy veteran
- Narrative travelogue of Adak trip taken August, 2006
- Pictures of Adak taken August, 2006
- Marine Barracks Adak (Archived 2009-10-25)
- Photographs of Adak from 1944 from many contributors.
- Adak Memoirs Memoirs and photos of Adak wanted to preserve history, Nov 2011]