ZC45病毒與ZXC21病毒
ZC45病毒與ZXC21病毒
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病毒分類 
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| （未分级）： | 病毒 Virus |
| 域： | 核糖病毒域 Riboviria |
| 界： | 正核糖病毒界 Orthornavirae |
| 门： | 小核糖病毒门 Pisuviricota |
| 纲： | 小南嵌套病毒纲 Pisoniviricetes |
| 目： | 套式病毒目 Nidovirales |
| 科： | 冠状病毒科 Coronaviridae |
| 属： | 乙型冠狀病毒屬 Betacoronavirus |
| 亚属： | SARS乙型冠状病毒亚属 Sarbecovirus |
| 种： | |
| 毒株： | ZC45病毒與ZXC21病毒 ZC45；ZXC21
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ZC45病毒（SL-CoV ZC45）與ZXC21病毒（SL-CoV ZXC21），被部分媒體稱為舟山蝙蝠病毒[1]，皆為嚴重急性呼吸系統綜合症相關冠狀病毒（SARSr-CoV）的病毒株，在中國浙江舟山的小菊頭蝠樣本中發現，於2018年發表。這兩個病毒株屬於SARS-CoV-2的演化支[2]，全基因組核酸序列與SARS-CoV-2的相似度約為88%[3][4]，與SARS-CoV的相似度則約為81%[5]。
發現
2015年至2017年間，研究人員在浙江舟山採集334隻小菊頭蝠樣本，發現其中含有多種冠狀病毒序列，其中有兩個新病毒株（即ZC45與ZXC21）的基因組被完整定序，分別長29802與29732nt，彼此基因組序列相似度為97%。這兩個病毒株的基因組序列與SARS-CoV相似度約為81%，刺突蛋白（S）胺基酸序列和SARS-CoV的相似度則為77%，皆低於Rs3367等數種較早發現的蝙蝠SARSr-CoV和SARS-CoV的相似度，且兩病毒刺突蛋白的S1次單元胺基酸序列和其他蝙蝠SARSr-CoV差異較大，與其相似度最高者（Rs806）亦僅有83%。動物實驗顯示ZC45病毒可感染實驗大鼠，在多個器官造成發炎，其中以腦組織最為明顯[5]。
與SARS-CoV-2的相似
2020年1月，2019冠狀病毒病疫情甫爆發後，研究人員定序SARS-CoV-2的基因組，發現ZC45與ZXC21是當時已知核酸序列與SARS-CoV-2相似度最高的病毒，約有88%[註 1]，高於SARS-CoV-2與SARS-CoV相似度的82%[2]，共同組成一演化支，不過兩病毒與與SARS-CoV-2在刺突蛋白的相似度較低，核酸序列的相似度約為75%，其中在S2次單元的相似度比S1次單元的高許多，在位於S1末端、與宿主細胞受體結合的受體結合結構域（receptor binding domain, RBD）相似度僅約60%，低於SARS-CoV-2與SARS-CoV在此的相似度（約74%）[4][6]。
爭議
2020年9月，前香港大學病毒學研究員閆麗夢在美國發表未經同行評審的論文，指控SARS-CoV-2並非自然產生，而是在實驗室經改造ZC45與ZXC21（或稱「舟山蝙蝠病毒」）而成的人造病毒，論文指出SARS-CoV-2基因組中的許多特徵不見於其他冠狀病毒，且ZC45與ZXC21的序列和其「十分相似」，很可能是製作SARS-CoV-2的來源模板，而與SARS-CoV-2關係接近、但在疫情爆發後才發表的RaTG13病毒、RmYN02病毒與穿山甲冠狀病毒可能為虛構[7][8]。此論文的可信度受到諸多學者批評[9]，許多病毒學家表示ZC45與ZXC21和SARS-CoV-2的序列差異大於10%，約有3500個鹼基不同，差異已大到幾乎不可能為人工製造[10]，有學者並形容此論文為垃圾科學[11]。
演化樹
SARS-CoV-2與相關病毒株的系統發生樹[12][13] :
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SARS-CoV 79% | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
蝙蝠病毒
穿山甲病毒
人類病毒
註腳
參考文獻
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