鉤狀回波
鉤狀回波(英語:hook echo)是某些超級單體雷暴中的一種垂墜或鉤形天氣雷達標誌。它出現在風暴的較低部分,當空氣和降水流入中氣旋時,會導致反射率呈彎曲特徵。回波是由雨水、冰雹甚至是圍繞超級單體的碎片所產生的[1]。它是產生龍捲風的超級單體的經典特徵之一[2]。國家氣象局可能認為鉤狀回波與龍捲式渦旋特徵同時出現時足以發布龍捲風警報[3][4]。
參考資料
- ^ Glickman, Todd S. (編). Hook Echo. Glossary of Meteorology 2nd. American Meteorological Society. 2000 [2023-07-03]. ISBN 978-1-878220-34-9. (原始內容存檔於2023-07-07).
- ^ Markowski, Paul M. Hook Echoes and Rear-Flank Downdrafts: A Review. Mon. Wea. Rev. 2002, 130 (4): 852–76. Bibcode:2002MWRv..130..852M. S2CID 54785955. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<0852:HEARFD>2.0.CO;2.
- ^ Angel, Jim. ISWS is Pioneer in Tracking Tornadoes by Radar. Illinois State Water Survey. 2013-04-09 [2013-05-22]. (原始內容存檔於2013-06-01).
- ^ Tornado Warning Guidance (PDF). National Weather Service. Spring 2002 [2013-06-16]. (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2013-03-06).
延伸閱讀
- 黎宏駿; 江偉. 冰雹與鈎狀回波. 香港天文台. 2020-09 [2023-07-03]. (原始內容存檔於2023-07-07) (中文(香港)).
- Fujita, Tetsuya. Formation and Steering Mechanisms of Tornado Cyclones and Associated Hook Echoes. Monthly Weather Review. 1965-02-01, 93 (2): 67–78 [2023-07-03]. ISSN 1520-0493. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1965)093<0067:FASMOT>2.3.CO;2. (原始內容存檔於2023-07-03) (英語).
- Fujita, Tetsuya. MESOANALYSIS OF THE ILLINOIS TORNADOES OF 9 APRIL 1953. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences. 1958-06-01, 15 (3): 288–296 [2023-07-03]. ISSN 1520-0469. doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1958)015<0288:MOTITO>2.0.CO;2. (原始內容存檔於2023-07-03) (英語).
- Wade, Patrick. Tornadoes' 'hook echo' discovered here 60 years ago. The News-Gazette. Champaign. 2013-04-07 [2023-07-03]. (原始內容存檔於2023-07-03) (英語).
- Burgess, Donald W.; Magsig, Michael A.; Wurman, Joshua; Dowell, David C.; Richardson, Yvette. Radar Observations of the 3 May 1999 Oklahoma City Tornado. Weather and Forecasting. 2002-06-01, 17 (3): 456–471 [2023-07-03]. ISSN 1520-0434. doi:10.1175/1520-0434(2002)017<0456:ROOTMO>2.0.CO;2. (原始內容存檔於2023-07-03) (英語).