國技
(重定向自国民运动)
國家象徵 |
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國技(National sport, national pastime, national game),又稱國民運動,或國球,是指一個國家特有或具有代表性的競技運動。然而國技的定義並不嚴密,既有公認概念上的國技(如美國的棒球),也有通過法律具體規定的(如加拿大就法定袋棍球和冰球為國技),也因此使得國技並不一定是該國最具人氣或強項的運動。除了加拿大之外,世界上通過法律確定國技的還有巴哈馬的帆船、孟加拉的卡巴迪、巴西的卡波耶拉、斯里蘭卡的排球等。
定義
國技的定義並不十分嚴格,有在法律上具體規定的競技運動,享有官方認可的地位;[註 1] 也有在國家文化中有特殊意義,深受國民愛戴的競技運動。[註 2] 由國家文化發展而成的競技運動是成為國技的其中一項條件,但並不全然如此,某些源自外國的競技運動也有可能因為深受國民的愛戴,或者具有特殊的意義,成為公認的國技。一般只要符合以下兩項要點,都會被認定為是國技:
- 國家法令指定的競技運動,給予特殊的地位和待遇[註 1]
- 例如:加拿大的長曲棍球(夏季)和冰上曲棍球(冬季)
- 國家或民族文化中特有的競技運動,或者是有某種特殊意義的競技運動[註 2]
- 例如:日本的相撲、韓國的跆拳道、西班牙的鬥牛
除了上述兩項,某些廣泛普及的競技運動,雖然不是公認的國技,但已經深植入於國家的體育文化當中,成為深受全民歡迎的休閒活動,所以經常是被極力推廣的國家體育項目,例如:世界各地的足球、英聯邦國家的板球、美國的籃球和橄欖球、日本的棒球、馬來西亞和印尼的羽毛球等。
國技列表
法定的國技
國家 | 體育運動 | 始於 |
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帕托 | 1953年[1] |
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史路普帆船 | 1993年[2] |
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卡巴迪 | 1972年[3] |
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卡波耶拉 | 1972年[4] |
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長曲棍球(夏季運動)、冰上曲棍球(冬季運動) | 1994年[5] |
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智利牛仔騎術 | 1962年[6] |
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特茹 | 2000年[7] |
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伊朗傳統摔角 | 1976年[8] |
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跆拳道 | 2018年[9] |
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墨西哥牛仔競技 | 1933年[10] |
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卡里艾斯奎瑪武術 | 2009年[11] |
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巴蘇馬術 | 1966年[12] |
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排球 | 1991年[13] |
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高喬傳統競技 | 2006年[14] |
公認的國技
另見
註解
参考文献
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