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國技

维基百科,自由的百科全书
(重定向自国民运动

國技National sport, national pastime, national game),又稱國民運動,或國球,是指一個國家特有或具有代表性的競技運動。然而國技的定義並不嚴密,既有公認概念上的國技(如美國的棒球),也有通過法律具體規定的(如加拿大就法定袋棍球和冰球為國技),也因此使得國技並不一定是該國最具人氣或強項的運動。除了加拿大之外,世界上通過法律確定國技的還有巴哈馬的帆船、孟加拉的卡巴迪、巴西的卡波耶拉、斯里蘭卡的排球等。

定義

國技的定義並不十分嚴格,有在法律上具體規定的競技運動,享有官方認可的地位;[註 1] 也有在國家文化中有特殊意義,深受國民愛戴的競技運動。[註 2] 由國家文化發展而成的競技運動是成為國技的其中一項條件,但並不全然如此,某些源自外國的競技運動也有可能因為深受國民的愛戴,或者具有特殊的意義,成為公認的國技。一般只要符合以下兩項要點,都會被認定為是國技:

國家法令指定的競技運動,給予特殊的地位和待遇[註 1]
例如:加拿大的長曲棍球(夏季)和冰上曲棍球(冬季)
國家或民族文化中特有的競技運動,或者是有某種特殊意義的競技運動[註 2]
例如:日本的相撲、韓國的跆拳道、西班牙的鬥牛

除了上述兩項,某些廣泛普及的競技運動,雖然不是公認的國技,但已經深植入於國家的體育文化當中,成為深受全民歡迎的休閒活動,所以經常是被極力推廣的國家體育項目,例如:世界各地的足球、英聯邦國家的板球、美國的籃球和橄欖球、日本的棒球、馬來西亞和印尼的羽毛球等。

國技列表

法定的國技

國家 體育運動 始於
 阿根廷 帕托英语Pato 1953年[1]
 巴哈马 史路普帆船 1993年[2]
 孟加拉国 卡巴迪 1972年[3]
 巴西 卡波耶拉 1972年[4]
 加拿大 長曲棍球(夏季運動)、冰上曲棍球(冬季運動) 1994年[5]
 智利 智利牛仔騎術英语Chilean rodeo 1962年[6]
 哥伦比亚 特茹英语Tejo (sport) 2000年[7]
 伊朗 伊朗傳統摔角 1976年[8]
 韩国 跆拳道 2018年[9]
 墨西哥 墨西哥牛仔競技英语Charrería 1933年[10]
 菲律賓 卡里艾斯奎瑪武術英语Eskrima 2009年[11]
 波多黎各 巴蘇馬術英语Paso Fino 1966年[12]
 斯里蘭卡 排球 1991年[13]
 乌拉圭 高喬傳統競技 2006年[14]

公認的國技

國家 體育運動
 阿富汗 布玆卡兹[15]
 安圭拉 競速帆艇英语Yacht racing[16]
 安地卡及巴布達 板球[17]
 巴巴多斯 板球[18]
 百慕大 板球[19]
 不丹 不丹傳統箭術英语Archery in Bhutan[20]
 中华人民共和国 乒乓球
 古巴 棒球[21][22][23]
 多米尼加 棒球[24]
 芬兰 芬蘭棒球[25]
 格瑞那達 板球[26]
 圭亚那 板球[27]
 印度 曲棍球[28][29][30]
 以色列 足球[31]
 爱尔兰 蓋爾式足球[32][33][34]
 牙买加 板球[35]
 日本 相撲/棒球[36]
 拉脫維亞 籃球(夏季運動)、冰上曲棍球(冬季運動)[37]
 立陶宛 籃球[38][39]
 马达加斯加 橄欖球[40][41]
 新西兰 橄欖球[42]
 挪威 越野滑雪[43][44]
 巴基斯坦 曲棍球[45]
 巴布亚新几内亚 聯盟式橄欖球[46][47]
 秘魯 Paleta Frontón[48]
 羅馬尼亞 Oină[49]
 俄羅斯 班迪球[50]
 苏格兰 高爾夫球[51]
 斯洛維尼亞 高山滑雪[52][52]
 中華民國 棒球[53]
 土耳其 摔角[54] & Cirit[55]
 特克斯和凯科斯群岛 板球[56]
 美国 棒球[57][58]
 威尔士 橄欖球[59]

另見

註解

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 參見「法定的國技」。
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 參見「公認的國技」。

参考文献

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