倭马亚大清真寺
奧米亞大清真寺 جامع بني أمية الكبير | |
---|---|
基本信息 | |
地区 | 黎凡特 |
位置 | 敘利亞大馬士革 |
坐标 | 33°30′43″N 36°18′24″E / 33.511944°N 36.306667°E |
宗教 | 伊斯蘭教 |
功能状态 | 現存 |
建筑详情 | |
建筑类型 | 清真寺 |
建筑风格 | 奧米亞王朝 |
竣工 | 715 |
建筑材料 | 石、大理石、磁磚、馬賽克 |
宣禮塔 | 3 |
地圖 | |
倭马亚大清真寺(始建于705年)是伊斯兰教最主要的清真寺之一,位于叙利亚首都大马士革。该寺被认为是伊斯兰教的第四大圣寺。
倭马亚清真寺最早是罗马帝国时期的朱庇特神殿,在392年罗马帝国定基督教为国教后改为圣约翰大教堂(纪念施洗约翰),为正教会安提阿牧首区下大马士革主教的主教座堂。叙利亚于7世纪为阿拉伯人征服后,圣约翰大教堂一度仍归基督教徒做礼拜之用。705年,倭马亚王朝的哈里发瓦利德一世接收了这座教堂,将其改为清真寺。瓦利德一世从拜占庭、叙利亚、埃及等地招集工匠,历时十年将清真寺建成。
在改造过程中,教堂的长方形布局被保存下来,但其余部分有多少被留用则不得而知。可以肯定的是,倭马亚清真寺有两座尖塔原来是教堂的望楼,第三座光塔则为瓦利德一世所建。
历史上,倭马亚清真寺曾经三次被焚毁。第一次是在1069年清真寺发生火灾;第二次是在1400年,中亚的征服者帖木儿圍攻大馬士革時纵火烧毁了清真寺;第三次是在1893年,清真寺再度发生火灾。
参考文献
延伸阅读
- American architect and architecture, American Architect and Architecture (J. R. Osgood & Co), 1894, XLIII (945): 58 [2021-09-11], (原始内容存档于2022-04-29).
- Bowersock, Glen Warren; Brown, Peter Lamont. Interpreting late antiquity: essays on the postclassical world. Harvard University Press. 2001 [2021-09-11]. ISBN 0-674-00598-8. (原始内容存档于2021-09-11).
- Burns, Ross. Damascus: a History 2nd. London: Routledge. 2007 [2005]. ISBN 978-0-415-27105-9. OCLC 648281269.
- Calcani, Giuliana; Abdulkarim, Maamoun. Apollodorus of Damascus and Trajan's Column: from tradition to project. L'Erma di Bretschneider. 2003 [2021-09-11]. ISBN 88-8265-233-5. (原始内容存档于2021-09-11).
- Darke, Diana. Syria 2nd. Chalfont St Peter: Bradt Travel Guides. 2010. ISBN 978-1-84162-314-6. OCLC 501398372.
- Dumper, Michael; Stanley, Bruce E. Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. 2007 [2021-09-11]. ISBN 978-1-57607-919-5. (原始内容存档于2021-11-22).
- Charette, François, Mathematical instrumentation in fourteenth-century Egypt and Syria: the illustrated treatise of Najm al-Dīn al-Mīṣrī, BRILL, 2003 [2021-09-11], ISBN 978-90-04-13015-9, (原始内容存档于2022-04-29)
- Finkel, Caroline, Osman's dream: the story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1923, Basic Books, 2005 [2021-09-11], ISBN 0-465-02396-7, (原始内容存档于2021-09-11).
- Flood, Finbarr Barry. The Great Mosque of Damascus: studies on the makings of an Umayyad visual culture. Boston: BRILL. 2001 [2021-09-11]. ISBN 90-04-11638-9. (原始内容存档于2021-09-11).
- Flood, Finbarr Barry. Umayyad Survivals and Mamluk Revivals: Qalawunid Architecture and the Great Mosque of Damascus. Muqarnas (Boston: BRILL). 1997, 14: 57–79. JSTOR 1523236. doi:10.2307/1523236.
- Grafman, Rafi; Rosen-Ayalon, Myriam. The Two Great Syrian Umayyad Mosques: Jerusalem and Damascus. Muqarnas (Boston: BRILL). 1999, 16: 1–15. JSTOR 1523262. doi:10.2307/1523262.
- Hitti, Phillip K. History of Syria: Including Lebanon and Palestine. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press LLC. October 2002 [2021-09-11]. ISBN 978-1-931956-60-4. (原始内容存档于2014-07-09).
- Le Strange, Guy, Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500, Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund, 1890 (Ibn Jubayr: p. 240 ff)
- Ibn Ṣaṣrā, Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad. William M. Brinner , 编. A chronicle of Damascus, 1389-1397. University of California Press. 1963 [2021-09-11]. (原始内容存档于2021-09-11).
- Ibn Khaldūn; Fischel, Walter Joseph. Ibn Khaldūn and Tamerlane: their historic meeting in Damascus, 1401 a.d. (803 a. h.) A study based on Arabic manuscripts of Ibn Khaldūn's "Autobiography". University of California Press. 1952 [2021-09-11]. (原始内容存档于2022-04-21).
- Kafescioǧlu, Çiǧdem. "In The Image of Rūm": Ottoman Architectural Patronage in Sixteenth-Century Aleppo and Damascus. Muqarnas (BRILL). 1999, 16: 70–96. JSTOR 1523266. doi:10.2307/1523266.
- Kamal al-Din, Nuha; Ibn Kathir. The Islamic view of Jesus. Islamic Books. 2002 [2021-09-11]. ISBN 977-6005-08-X. (原始内容存档于2021-09-11).
- Palestine Exploration Fund, Quarterly statement, Published at the Fund's Office, 1897 [2021-09-11], (原始内容存档于2021-09-11).
- Ring, Trudy; Salkin, Robert M.; Schellinger, Paul E., International Dictionary of Historic Places, Taylor & Francis, 1994 [2021-09-11], ISBN 1-884964-03-6, (原始内容存档于2021-09-11)
- Rivoira, Giovanni Teresio, Moslem architecture: its origins and development, Oxford University Press, 1918 [2021-09-11], (原始内容存档于2021-10-15).
- Selin, Helaine (编), Encyclopaedia of the history of science, technology, and medicine in non-western cultures, Springer, 1997 [2021-09-11], ISBN 978-0-7923-4066-9, (原始内容存档于2021-09-11).
- Walker, Bethany J. Commemorating the Sacred Spaces of the Past: The Mamluks and the Umayyad Mosque at Damascus. Near Eastern Archaeology (The American Schools of Oriental Research). Mar 2004, 67 (1): 26–39. JSTOR 4149989. S2CID 164031578. doi:10.2307/4149989.
- Winter, Michael; Levanoni, Amalia. The Mamluks in Egyptian and Syrian politics and society. BRILL. 2004 [2021-09-11]. ISBN 90-04-13286-4. (原始内容存档于2022-04-29).
- Van Leeuwen, Richard, Waqfs and urban structures: the case of Ottoman Damascus, BRILL, 1999 [2021-09-11], ISBN 90-04-11299-5, (原始内容存档于2022-04-21)
- Wolff, Richard, The Popular Encyclopedia of World Religions: A User-Friendly Guide to Their Beliefs, History, and Impact on Our World Today, Harvest House Publishers, 2007 [2021-09-11], ISBN 978-0-7369-2007-0, (原始内容存档于2022-04-21)
- Zaimeche, Salah; Ball, Lamaan, Damascus, Manchester: Foundation for Science Technology and Culture, 2005