工會代理制企業

工會代理制企業（agency shop）是工會保障協議（英语：union security agreement）中的一種，依照此協議，雇主可以雇用工會成員，也可以雇用非工會成員。加入工會不是員工獲雇用的必要條件^[1]。不過，非工會成員的員工需要支付費用來分擔工會和雇主談判的開支^[1]。此費用一般稱為「代理費」（agency fee）^[2]^[3]。

若一些工會代理制非法的情形（例如美國公共部門工會的相關法律常有此規定），可以由雇主和工會訂定「公平分享條款」（fair share provision）^[2]^[3]。條款會要求非工會成員的勞工支付「公平分享費用」（fair share fee）以分擔工會集體協商的支出。「公平分享」類似工會代理制，但對非工會成員收費的項目限制較多^{[需要解释]}^[2]^[3]。在加拿大，此代理費用會稱為蘭德準則（英语：Rand formula）^[4]。在美國2018年6月的詹尼斯訴美國州縣市勞工聯盟（英语：Janus v. AFSCME）案中確定，強迫公部門的非工會成員支付「代理費」的作法是違憲的。

國際勞工組織的協議沒有提到代理費規定的法律效力，由各成員國自行決定是否有法律效力^[5]。代理費規定的法律效力因國家而異，有些國家在協議中直接禁止，也有些是依此概念廣泛實施，也有些國家完全不提代理費規定一事。

參考資料

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 Pynes, Joan. Human Resources Management for Public and Nonprofit Organizations. 2d ed. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley and Sons, 2004. ISBN 0-7879-7078-6^{[页码请求]}
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Guerin, Lisa and DelPo, Amy. The Manager's Legal Handbook. Rev. 4th ed. Berkeley, Calif.: Nolo, 2007. ISBN 1-4133-0718-3^{[页码请求]}; Mc Closkey, Margie Ransom; Rubin, Richard S. Union Security in the Public Sector: Types, Problems, Trends. The Journal of Collective Negotiations. 1977, 6 (4): 1. doi:10.2190/UJAU-1DJJ-0H1C-NBRJ.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Mauer, Michael. The Union Member's Complete Guide: Everything You Want—and Need—to Know About Working Union. Annapolis, Md.: Union Communication Services, Inc., 2001. ISBN 0-9659486-1-7^{[页码请求]}
^ McMenemy, John. The Language of Canadian Politics: A Guide to Important Terms and Concepts. Rev. ed. Waterloo, Ontario, Canada: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1995. ISBN 0-88920-230-3^{[页码请求]}
^ "Case(s) No(s). 188, Report No. 34 (Denmark): Complaints against the Government of Denmark presented by Swiss Printing Workers' Union and the Swiss Federation of National Christian Trade Unions". 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2011-06-04. Document No. 031960034188. Cases of the Committee on Freedom of Association. International Labor Organization. March 4, 1959.

[Pynes-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Pynes, Joan. Human Resources Management for Public and Nonprofit Organizations. 2d ed. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley and Sons, 2004. ISBN 0-7879-7078-6^{[页码请求]}

[Guerin-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Guerin, Lisa and DelPo, Amy. The Manager's Legal Handbook. Rev. 4th ed. Berkeley, Calif.: Nolo, 2007. ISBN 1-4133-0718-3^{[页码请求]}; Mc Closkey, Margie Ransom; Rubin, Richard S. Union Security in the Public Sector: Types, Problems, Trends. The Journal of Collective Negotiations. 1977, 6 (4): 1. doi:10.2190/UJAU-1DJJ-0H1C-NBRJ.

[Mauer-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Mauer, Michael. The Union Member's Complete Guide: Everything You Want—and Need—to Know About Working Union. Annapolis, Md.: Union Communication Services, Inc., 2001. ISBN 0-9659486-1-7^{[页码请求]}

[4] McMenemy, John. The Language of Canadian Politics: A Guide to Important Terms and Concepts. Rev. ed. Waterloo, Ontario, Canada: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1995. ISBN 0-88920-230-3^{[页码请求]}

[5] "Case(s) No(s). 188, Report No. 34 (Denmark): Complaints against the Government of Denmark presented by Swiss Printing Workers' Union and the Swiss Federation of National Christian Trade Unions". 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2011-06-04. Document No. 031960034188. Cases of the Committee on Freedom of Association. International Labor Organization. March 4, 1959.

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相關條目

參考資料