肺高壓
肺高壓 | |
---|---|
肺高壓患者的血管的顯微切片,可見肺动脉血管內膜和中膜明显增厚。 | |
类型 | 高血压[*]、高血壓、疾病 |
分类和外部资源 | |
醫學專科 | 胸腔醫學、心臟病學 |
ICD-11 | BB01 |
DiseasesDB | 10998 |
MedlinePlus | 000112 |
eMedicine | 361242、303098 |
Orphanet | 71198 |
肺高壓(pulmonary hypertension,PH,PHTN)或肺動脈高壓,是肺动脉压力持续性超过正常值的病理状态。一般定义静息下,肺动脉收缩压超过30mmHg或舒张压超过15mmHg,或是肺动脉均压(mPAP)超过20mmHg,即为肺动脉高压[1]。肺动脉高压可引起肺内血流动力学改变和右心功能障碍。
肺高壓會造成疲劳、劳力性呼吸困難、胸部不适、头晕、昏厥、下肢水腫,肺高壓患者會因為心臟負荷增加令運動能力急速下降,以及發生其他症狀,可引致心臟衰竭導致病患死亡[2]。此症於1891年由恩斯特·馮·倫伯格首次描述[3]。根據最新的分類,肺高壓共有六種形式[4]。
症狀及徵象
較罕見的症狀包含乾咳、運動時暈眩和嘔吐[6]。部分患者有咳血的現象,特別是肺高壓的某些亞型,如遺傳性肺動脈高壓、艾森門格症侯群,和慢性栓塞型肺動脈高壓等[8]。肺靜脈高壓的典型症狀為臥姿時呼吸困難(端坐呼吸及陣發性夜間呼吸困難),肺動脈高壓則無此現象[9]。
其他典型症狀包含較強的第二心音。另外右心室肥大也會造成右心室產生第三心音,以及胸骨旁起伏。右心衰竭導致的全身性鬱血則可能合併有頸靜脈屈張、腹水,以及肝頸動脈回流[6][7][10] 。
另有證據顯示肺動脈高壓也可能導致三尖瓣閉鎖不全以及肺動脈瓣逆流[6][7][11]。
病因
肺高压的病因常不明,也可由呼吸系统、循环系统疾病导致的肺动脉压力增高。1973年,世界卫生组织首次嘗試將肺高壓分類,當時分為原發性肺高壓,以及次發性肺高壓兩大類,並將初級肺高壓分為「叢狀動脈型」(arterial plexiform)、「靜脈阻塞型」(veno-occlusive),以及「血栓栓塞型」(thromboembolic)等[12]。1988年埃維昂萊班會議將次級肺高壓按原因分類[13]。隨著新研究的進展,2008年在达纳角召開的第四屆世界肺動脈高壓研討會更新了定義。以下為達納點的分類系統[4]:
治療
肺高壓可利用藥物控制病情發展的程度,若針對第一型肺動脈高目前主要分有三種不同的標靶治療途徑: 1.内皮素1 2前列環素(PGI:途徑) 3一氧化氮途徑 而目前針對此三種不同途徑的藥物如下列所述: 1.內皮素1途徑--Bosentan、Macitentan(雙重ETA-ETB拮抗劑)、Ambrisentan(選擇性ETA受體拮抗劑) 2.前列環素(PG₂I)途徑--Epoprostenol、lloprost、Treprostinil(三者皆為PGl₂類似劑)、Selexipag(PGl受體奮劑) 3.一氧化氮途徑--一氧化氮氣體(刺激可溶性鳥苷酸環化酶)、Sildenafil(PDE5抑利劑)、口服Riociguat(直接sGC刺激劑)[14] 由於肺高壓不能根治,若已引發較嚴重的心臟衰竭,就需要進行心肺移植,由於器官移植輪候需時,所以一旦確診,除藥物控制病情外,醫生都會安排病人排入器官移植的等候名單,以期病人在症狀惡化至嚴重心臟衰竭前,有適合器官進行移植手術[15]。
參考文獻
- ^ Galiè N, McLaughlin VV, Rubin LJ, Simonneau G. An overview of the 6th World Symposium on Pulmonary Hypertension. Eur Respir J. 2019 Jan 24;53(1):1802148. doi: 10.1183/13993003.02148-2018. PMID 30552088; PMCID: PMC6351332.
- ^ Pulmonary hypertension: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. www.nlm.nih.gov. [2015-12-30]. (原始内容存档于2016-07-05).
- ^ von Romberg, Ernst. Über Sklerose der Lungenarterie. Dtsch Arch Klin Med. 1891–1892, 48: 197–206 (德语).
- ^ 4.0 4.1 Simonneau G, Robbins I, Beghetti M, et al. Updated Clinical classification of pulmonary hypertension. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2009-06-30, 54 (1 Suppl S): S43–S54 [2016-12-07]. PMID 19555858. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2009.04.012. (原始内容存档于2015-09-24).
- ^ What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Pulmonary Hypertension? - NHLBI, NIH. www.nhlbi.nih.gov. [2015-12-30]. (原始内容存档于2016-01-05).
- ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Galie N, Humbert M, Vachiery JL, et al. 2015 ESC/ERS Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension: The Joint Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Respiratory Society (ERS): Endorsed by: Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC), International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT). European Heart Journal. 2016-01-01, 37 (1): 67–119. ISSN 1522-9645. PMID 26320113. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehv317.
- ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 McLaughlin VV, Archer SL, Badesch DB, et al. ACCF/AHA 2009 expert consensus document on pulmonary hypertension a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Expert Consensus Documents and the American Heart Association developed in collaboration with the American College of Chest Physicians; American Thoracic Society, Inc.; and the Pulmonary Hypertension Association. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2009-04-28, 53 (17): 1573–1619. ISSN 1558-3597. PMID 19389575. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2009.01.004.
- ^ Diller, Gerhard-Paul; Gatzoulis, Michael A. Pulmonary vascular disease in adults with congenital heart disease. Circulation. 2007-02-27, 115 (8): 1039–1050. ISSN 1524-4539. PMID 17325254. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.592386.
- ^ Fang JC, DeMarco T, Givertz MM, et al. World Health Organization Pulmonary Hypertension group 2: pulmonary hypertension due to left heart disease in the adult--a summary statement from the Pulmonary Hypertension Council of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation: The Official Publication of the International Society for Heart Transplantation. 2012-09-01, 31 (9): 913–933. ISSN 1557-3117. PMID 22884380. doi:10.1016/j.healun.2012.06.002.
- ^ Yusuf, Salim; Cairns, John; Camm, John; Fallen, Ernest L.; Gersh, Bernard J. Evidence-Based Cardiology. John Wiley & Sons. 2011-09-07: 70.3(figure) [2016-12-07]. ISBN 9781444359459. (原始内容存档于2020-08-19).
- ^ Primary Pulmonary Hypertension Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination, Complications. emedicine.medscape.com. [2015-12-30]. (原始内容存档于2015-11-01).
- ^ Hatano S, Strasser R. Primary pulmonary hypertension. Geneva: World Health Organization. 1975.
- ^ Rich S, Rubin LJ, Abenhail L, et al. Executive summary from the World Symposium on Primary Pulmonary Hypertension (Evian, France, September 6–10, 1998). Geneva: The World Health Organization. 1998. (原始内容存档于2002-04-08).
- ^ Hassoun, Paul M. Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. New England Journal of Medicine. 2021-12-16, 385 (25): 2361–2376 [2023-05-28]. doi:10.1056/NEJMra2000348. (原始内容存档于2023-05-28).
- ^ 喘到心臟衰竭! 淺談肺動脈高壓. 全民健康基金會. [2018-12-18]. (原始内容存档于2018-12-18).
延伸閱讀
- Rubin LJ, Badesch DB. Evaluation and management of the patient with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Ann. Intern. Med. 2005, 143 (4): 282–92 [2016-12-07]. PMID 16103472. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-143-4-200508160-00009. (原始内容存档于2009-06-17).
- Abman, SH; Hansmann, G; Archer, SL; Ivy, DD; Adatia, I; Chung, WK; Hanna, BD; Rosenzweig, EB; Raj, JU; Cornfield, D; Stenmark, KR; Steinhorn, R; Thébaud, B; Fineman, JR; Kuehne, T; Feinstein, JA; Friedberg, MK; Earing, M; Barst, RJ; Keller, RL; Kinsella, JP; Mullen, M; Deterding, R; Kulik, T; Mallory, G; Humpl, T; Wessel, DL. Pediatric Pulmonary Hypertension: Guidelines From the American Heart Association and American Thoracic Society.. Circulation. 2015-11-03, 132: 2037–99. PMID 26534956. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000329.
參見
- Pulmonary Hypertension Association
- Cambridge Pulmonary Hypertension Outcome Review (CAMPHOR)
- 肺纖維化(Pulmonary fibrosis)
外部連結
- Pulmonary Hypertension Association
- European Pulmonary Hypertension Association (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- The Merck Manual Home Edition: Pulmonary Hypertension (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension database (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- PH Central - the internet resource for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Webcast: The Changing World of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Therapies - American College of CHEST Physicians (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- OMIM entries on Heritable Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
- Pulmonary Hypertension Association of Australia (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)