肺高压
肺高压 | |
---|---|
肺高压患者的血管的显微切片,可见肺动脉血管内膜和中膜明显增厚。 | |
类型 | 高血压[*]、高血压、疾病 |
分类和外部资源 | |
医学专科 | 胸腔医学、心脏病学 |
ICD-11 | BB01 |
DiseasesDB | 10998 |
MedlinePlus | 000112 |
eMedicine | 361242、303098 |
Orphanet | 71198 |
肺高压(pulmonary hypertension,PH,PHTN)或肺动脉高压,是肺动脉压力持续性超过正常值的病理状态。一般定义静息下,肺动脉收缩压超过30mmHg或舒张压超过15mmHg,或是肺动脉均压(mPAP)超过20mmHg,即为肺动脉高压[1]。肺动脉高压可引起肺内血流动力学改变和右心功能障碍。
肺高压会造成疲劳、劳力性呼吸困难、胸部不适、头晕、昏厥、下肢水肿,肺高压患者会因为心脏负荷增加令运动能力急速下降,以及发生其他症状,可引致心脏衰竭导致病患死亡[2]。此症于1891年由恩斯特·冯·伦伯格首次描述[3]。根据最新的分类,肺高压共有六种形式[4]。
症状及征象
较罕见的症状包含干咳、运动时晕眩和呕吐[6]。部分患者有咳血的现象,特别是肺高压的某些亚型,如遗传性肺动脉高压、艾森门格症侯群,和慢性栓塞型肺动脉高压等[8]。肺静脉高压的典型症状为卧姿时呼吸困难(端坐呼吸及阵发性夜间呼吸困难),肺动脉高压则无此现象[9]。
其他典型症状包含较强的第二心音。另外右心室肥大也会造成右心室产生第三心音,以及胸骨旁起伏。右心衰竭导致的全身性郁血则可能合并有颈静脉屈张、腹水,以及肝颈动脉回流[6][7][10] 。
另有证据显示肺动脉高压也可能导致三尖瓣闭锁不全以及肺动脉瓣逆流[6][7][11]。
病因
肺高压的病因常不明,也可由呼吸系统、循环系统疾病导致的肺动脉压力增高。1973年,世界卫生组织首次尝试将肺高压分类,当时分为原发性肺高压,以及次发性肺高压两大类,并将初级肺高压分为“丛状动脉型”(arterial plexiform)、“静脉阻塞型”(veno-occlusive),以及“血栓栓塞型”(thromboembolic)等[12]。1988年埃维昂莱班会议将次级肺高压按原因分类[13]。随着新研究的进展,2008年在达纳角召开的第四届世界肺动脉高压研讨会更新了定义。以下为达纳点的分类系统[4]:
治疗
肺高压可利用药物控制病情发展的程度,若针对第一型肺动脉高目前主要分有三种不同的标靶治疗途径: 1.内皮素1 2前列环素(PGI:途径) 3一氧化氮途径 而目前针对此三种不同途径的药物如下列所述: 1.内皮素1途径--Bosentan、Macitentan(双重ETA-ETB拮抗剂)、Ambrisentan(选择性ETA受体拮抗剂) 2.前列环素(PG₂I)途径--Epoprostenol、lloprost、Treprostinil(三者皆为PGl₂类似剂)、Selexipag(PGl受体奋剂) 3.一氧化氮途径--一氧化氮气体(刺激可溶性鸟苷酸环化酶)、Sildenafil(PDE5抑利剂)、口服Riociguat(直接sGC刺激剂)[14] 由于肺高压不能根治,若已引发较严重的心脏衰竭,就需要进行心肺移植,由于器官移植轮候需时,所以一旦确诊,除药物控制病情外,医生都会安排病人排入器官移植的等候名单,以期病人在症状恶化至严重心脏衰竭前,有适合器官进行移植手术[15]。
参考文献
- ^ Galiè N, McLaughlin VV, Rubin LJ, Simonneau G. An overview of the 6th World Symposium on Pulmonary Hypertension. Eur Respir J. 2019 Jan 24;53(1):1802148. doi: 10.1183/13993003.02148-2018. PMID 30552088; PMCID: PMC6351332.
- ^ Pulmonary hypertension: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. www.nlm.nih.gov. [2015-12-30]. (原始内容存档于2016-07-05).
- ^ von Romberg, Ernst. Über Sklerose der Lungenarterie. Dtsch Arch Klin Med. 1891–1892, 48: 197–206 (德语).
- ^ 4.0 4.1 Simonneau G, Robbins I, Beghetti M, et al. Updated Clinical classification of pulmonary hypertension. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2009-06-30, 54 (1 Suppl S): S43–S54 [2016-12-07]. PMID 19555858. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2009.04.012. (原始内容存档于2015-09-24).
- ^ What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Pulmonary Hypertension? - NHLBI, NIH. www.nhlbi.nih.gov. [2015-12-30]. (原始内容存档于2016-01-05).
- ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Galie N, Humbert M, Vachiery JL, et al. 2015 ESC/ERS Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension: The Joint Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Respiratory Society (ERS): Endorsed by: Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC), International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT). European Heart Journal. 2016-01-01, 37 (1): 67–119. ISSN 1522-9645. PMID 26320113. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehv317.
- ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 McLaughlin VV, Archer SL, Badesch DB, et al. ACCF/AHA 2009 expert consensus document on pulmonary hypertension a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Expert Consensus Documents and the American Heart Association developed in collaboration with the American College of Chest Physicians; American Thoracic Society, Inc.; and the Pulmonary Hypertension Association. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2009-04-28, 53 (17): 1573–1619. ISSN 1558-3597. PMID 19389575. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2009.01.004.
- ^ Diller, Gerhard-Paul; Gatzoulis, Michael A. Pulmonary vascular disease in adults with congenital heart disease. Circulation. 2007-02-27, 115 (8): 1039–1050. ISSN 1524-4539. PMID 17325254. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.592386.
- ^ Fang JC, DeMarco T, Givertz MM, et al. World Health Organization Pulmonary Hypertension group 2: pulmonary hypertension due to left heart disease in the adult--a summary statement from the Pulmonary Hypertension Council of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation: The Official Publication of the International Society for Heart Transplantation. 2012-09-01, 31 (9): 913–933. ISSN 1557-3117. PMID 22884380. doi:10.1016/j.healun.2012.06.002.
- ^ Yusuf, Salim; Cairns, John; Camm, John; Fallen, Ernest L.; Gersh, Bernard J. Evidence-Based Cardiology. John Wiley & Sons. 2011-09-07: 70.3(figure) [2016-12-07]. ISBN 9781444359459. (原始内容存档于2020-08-19).
- ^ Primary Pulmonary Hypertension Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination, Complications. emedicine.medscape.com. [2015-12-30]. (原始内容存档于2015-11-01).
- ^ Hatano S, Strasser R. Primary pulmonary hypertension. Geneva: World Health Organization. 1975.
- ^ Rich S, Rubin LJ, Abenhail L, et al. Executive summary from the World Symposium on Primary Pulmonary Hypertension (Evian, France, September 6–10, 1998). Geneva: The World Health Organization. 1998. (原始内容存档于2002-04-08).
- ^ Hassoun, Paul M. Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. New England Journal of Medicine. 2021-12-16, 385 (25): 2361–2376 [2023-05-28]. doi:10.1056/NEJMra2000348. (原始内容存档于2023-05-28).
- ^ 喘到心臟衰竭! 淺談肺動脈高壓. 全民健康基金会. [2018-12-18]. (原始内容存档于2018-12-18).
延伸阅读
- Rubin LJ, Badesch DB. Evaluation and management of the patient with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Ann. Intern. Med. 2005, 143 (4): 282–92 [2016-12-07]. PMID 16103472. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-143-4-200508160-00009. (原始内容存档于2009-06-17).
- Abman, SH; Hansmann, G; Archer, SL; Ivy, DD; Adatia, I; Chung, WK; Hanna, BD; Rosenzweig, EB; Raj, JU; Cornfield, D; Stenmark, KR; Steinhorn, R; Thébaud, B; Fineman, JR; Kuehne, T; Feinstein, JA; Friedberg, MK; Earing, M; Barst, RJ; Keller, RL; Kinsella, JP; Mullen, M; Deterding, R; Kulik, T; Mallory, G; Humpl, T; Wessel, DL. Pediatric Pulmonary Hypertension: Guidelines From the American Heart Association and American Thoracic Society.. Circulation. 2015-11-03, 132: 2037–99. PMID 26534956. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000329.
参见
- Pulmonary Hypertension Association
- Cambridge Pulmonary Hypertension Outcome Review (CAMPHOR)
- 肺纤维化(Pulmonary fibrosis)
外部链接
- Pulmonary Hypertension Association
- European Pulmonary Hypertension Association (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- The Merck Manual Home Edition: Pulmonary Hypertension (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension database (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- PH Central - the internet resource for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Webcast: The Changing World of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Therapies - American College of CHEST Physicians (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- OMIM entries on Heritable Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
- Pulmonary Hypertension Association of Australia (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)