膜蝦目

维基百科,自由的百科全书

膜蝦目
化石时期:寒武紀
瓦普塔蝦英语Waptia
加拿大盾蟲英语Canadaspis化石
科学分类 编辑
界: 动物界 Animalia
门: 节肢动物门 Arthropoda
演化支 有颚类 Mandibulata
目: 膜蝦目 Hymenocarina
Størmer, 1944
異名

Canadaspidida Novozhilov in Orlov, 1960

膜蝦目學名Hymenocarina)為節肢動物門下一個已滅絕的演化支,生存於寒武紀。牠們的共同特徵為雙瓣的外殼英语carapace及突出外殼的尾部,但除此之外牠們具有十分多樣化的外型,並佔據了不同的生態位,包含濾食性動物以及掠食者等。近年來的研究基於部分膜蝦目物種具有大顎英语Mandible (arthropod mouthpart)的結構,認為牠們屬於有顎類基群或是冠群

分類學

膜蝦目主要有以下共同特徵:覆蓋頭胸部區域的雙瓣甲殼、頭胸部具有多節的觸鬚大顎英语Mandible (arthropod mouthpart)、口器後方的附肢上多帶有刺、末端帶爪的内肢、觸鬚與大顎之間不具有附肢、一對複眼之間具有突出的骨片和葉片狀突起、後部體段英语Tagma (biology)(腹部)具有明顯的環狀分節,末端具有一對發展完善的尾支英语Caudal ramus[2][1]

由於牠們頭部具有較少的分節及附肢數量,於2010年代早期時認為膜蝦目屬於真節肢動物的幹群[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]。然而,在2010年代末發現了牠們具有大顎後,膜蝦目被認為應屬於有顎類[2][1][11][12]。自此之後,大部分的支序演化學分析普遍認為,膜蝦目屬於有顎足類的幹群[2][13][1][14][15][16][17][18],但也有一些研究將膜蝦目置於較接近冠群的位置,例如幹泛甲殼動物[1][19][20][18]、幹多足類[1]、幹六足亞門[16]或是位於這些演化支之間的位置[21]

膜蝦目下目前有數個已被承認的科,包括吐卓蟲科英语Tuzoiidae瓦普塔蝦科英语Waptiidae[1]以及原蝦科英语Protocarididae[2],但除此之外其他物種之間的關係則仍然十分模糊,目前尚不清楚膜蝦目是單系群亦或是並系群[22][23]

然而,生存於寒武紀的雙瓣殼節肢動物則確認屬於並系群,諸如等刺蟲目英语Isoxyida高肌蟲目英语Bradoriida磷足類英语Phosphatocopina等,被認為與膜蝦目僅為遠親關係[17][24][25][26]。另外,外形與瓦普塔蝦屬十分類似的川滇蟲屬英语Chuandianella,長期以來一直認為與瓦普塔蝦為近親[1][21],但是於2022年發表的研究表明,由於川滇蟲缺乏膜蝦目的共同特徵-大顎,因此不屬於膜蝦目,而是屬於仍然地位未定的真節肢動物[24]

多樣性

膜蝦目具有十分多樣化的外型,有些物種如瓦普塔蝦屬英语Waptia外表與現存的類似[1],其他物種如奧代雷蟲屬英语Odaraia則具有巨大的外殼英语carapace及分作三叉的尾部[27]。另外,膜蝦目的附肢於不同物種之間也有不同形式的特化,如瓦普塔蝦屬的附肢就呈羽鰓狀[1]都昆蟲屬則具有粗壯的螯肢[2]。此外,膜蝦目物種之間的體型差異也很大,如胸針蝦屬英语Fibulacaris的體長僅有2 cm(0.79英寸)[28],體型最大的巴哈姆特蝦屬英语Balhuticaris體長則可達24.5 cm(9.6英寸)[23]。最後,膜蝦目佔據了許多不同的生態位,包括食腐動物掠食者底棲攝食者、以及濾食性動物[23]

參考文獻

  1. ^ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 Vannier, Jean; Aria, Cédric; Taylor, Rod S.; Caron, Jean-Bernard. Waptia fieldensis Walcott, a mandibulate arthropod from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale. Royal Society Open Science. 2018, 5 (6): 172206. PMC 6030330可免费查阅. PMID 30110460. doi:10.1098/rsos.172206可免费查阅. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Aria, Cédric; Caron, Jean-Bernard. Burgess Shale fossils illustrate the origin of the mandibulate body plan. Nature. 2017-04-26, 545 (7652): 89–92. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 28445464. S2CID 4454526. doi:10.1038/nature22080. 
  3. ^ Legg, David A.; Sutton, Mark D.; Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Caron, Jean-Bernard. Cambrian bivalved arthropod reveals origin of arthrodization. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2012-12-07, 279 (1748): 4699–4704. PMC 3497099可免费查阅. PMID 23055069. doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.1958. 
  4. ^ Legg, David. Multi-Segmented Arthropods from the Middle Cambrian of British Columbia (Canada). Journal of Paleontology. 2013, 87 (3): 493–501 [2023-10-31]. ISSN 0022-3360. S2CID 86725173. doi:10.1666/12-112.1. (原始内容存档于2023-05-29) (英语). 
  5. ^ Legg, David A.; Vannier, Jean. The affinities of the cosmopolitan arthropod Isoxys and its implications for the origin of arthropods. Lethaia. 2013-09-16, 46 (4): 540–550. ISSN 0024-1164. doi:10.1111/let.12032. 
  6. ^ Legg, David A.; Sutton, Mark D.; Edgecombe, Gregory D. Arthropod fossil data increase congruence of morphological and molecular phylogenies. Nature Communications. 2013-09-30, 4 (1): 2485. ISSN 2041-1723. PMID 24077329. doi:10.1038/ncomms3485可免费查阅 (英语). 
  7. ^ Ortega-Hernández, Javier. Making sense of 'lower' and 'upper' stem-group Euarthropoda, with comments on the strict use of the name Arthropoda von Siebold, 1848. Biological Reviews. 2014-12-21, 91 (1): 255–273 [2023-10-31]. PMID 25528950. S2CID 7751936. doi:10.1111/brv.12168. (原始内容存档于2021-10-07) (英语). 
  8. ^ Ortega-Hernández, Javier; Janssen, Ralf; Budd, Graham E. Origin and evolution of the panarthropod head – A palaeobiological and developmental perspective. Arthropod Structure & Development. Evolution of Segmentation. 2017-05-01, 46 (3): 354–379. ISSN 1467-8039. PMID 27989966. doi:10.1016/j.asd.2016.10.011可免费查阅 (英语). 
  9. ^ Yang, Jie; Ortega-Hernández, Javier; Legg, David A.; Lan, Tian; Hou, Jin-bo; Zhang, Xi-guang. Early Cambrian fuxianhuiids from China reveal origin of the gnathobasic protopodite in euarthropods. Nature Communications. 2018-02-01, 9 (1): 470. Bibcode:2018NatCo...9..470Y. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 5794847可免费查阅. PMID 29391458. doi:10.1038/s41467-017-02754-z (英语). 
  10. ^ Daley, Allison C.; Antcliffe, Jonathan B.; Drage, Harriet B.; Pates, Stephen. Early fossil record of Euarthropoda and the Cambrian Explosion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2018-05-22, 115 (21): 5323–5331. Bibcode:2018PNAS..115.5323D. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 6003487可免费查阅. PMID 29784780. doi:10.1073/pnas.1719962115可免费查阅 (英语). 
  11. ^ Giribet, Gonzalo; Edgecombe, Gregory D. The Phylogeny and Evolutionary History of Arthropods. Current Biology. 2019-06-17, 29 (12): R592–R602. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 31211983. S2CID 189926344. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.04.057可免费查阅 (英语). 
  12. ^ Edgecombe, Gregory D. Arthropod Origins: Integrating Paleontological and Molecular Evidence. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics. 2020-11-02, 51 (1): 1–25. ISSN 1543-592X. S2CID 225478171. doi:10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-011720-124437. 
  13. ^ Aria, Cédric; Caron, Jean-Bernard. Mandibulate convergence in an armoured Cambrian stem chelicerate. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 2017-12-21, 17 (1): 261. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 5738823可免费查阅. PMID 29262772. doi:10.1186/s12862-017-1088-7. 
  14. ^ Zeng, Han; Zhao, Fangchen; Niu, Kecheng; Zhu, Maoyan; Huang, Diying. An early Cambrian euarthropod with radiodont-like raptorial appendages. Nature. 2020-12-03, 588 (7836): 101–105. PMID 33149303. S2CID 226248177. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2883-7. 
  15. ^ Aria, Cédric; Zhao, Fangchen; Zhu, Maoyan. Fuxianhuiids are mandibulates and share affinities with total-group Myriapoda. Journal of the Geological Society. 2021-09-01, 178 (5) [2023-10-31]. ISSN 0016-7649. S2CID 233952670. doi:10.1144/jgs2020-246. (原始内容存档于2022-01-17) (英语). 
  16. ^ 16.0 16.1 Anderson, Evan P.; Schiffbauer, James D.; Jacquet, Sarah M.; Lamsdell, James C.; Kluessendorf, Joanne; Mikulic, Donald G. Stranger than a scorpion: a reassessment of Parioscorpio venator, a problematic arthropod from the Llandoverian Waukesha Lagerstätte. Palaeontology. 2021-04-19, 64 (3): 429–474 [2023-10-31]. ISSN 0031-0239. S2CID 234812878. doi:10.1111/pala.12534. (原始内容存档于2021-04-20). 
  17. ^ 17.0 17.1 Izquierdo‐López, Alejandro; Caron, Jean‐Bernard. A Burgess Shale mandibulate arthropod with a pygidium: a case of convergent evolution. Papers in Palaeontology. 2021-06-15, 7 (4): 1877–1894 [2023-10-31]. ISSN 2056-2799. S2CID 236284813. doi:10.1002/spp2.1366. (原始内容存档于2023-04-08). 
  18. ^ 18.0 18.1 O'Flynn, Robert; Williams, Mark; Yu, Mengxiao; Harvey, Thomas; Liu, Yu. A new euarthropod with large frontal appendages from the early Cambrian Chengjiang biota. Palaeontologia Electronica. 2022-02-11, 25: a6. S2CID 246779634. doi:10.26879/1167可免费查阅. 
  19. ^ Aria, Cédric; Caron, Jean-Bernard. A middle Cambrian arthropod with chelicerae and proto-book gills. Nature. 2019, 573 (7775): 586–589 [2023-10-31]. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 31511691. S2CID 202550431. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1525-4. (原始内容存档于2024-01-16) (英语). 
  20. ^ Aria, Cédric; Zhao, Fangchen; Zeng, Han; Guo, Jin; Zhu, Maoyan. Fossils from South China redefine the ancestral euarthropod body plan. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 2020-01-08, 20 (1): 4. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 6950928可免费查阅. PMID 31914921. doi:10.1186/s12862-019-1560-7. 
  21. ^ 21.0 21.1 Ou, Qiang; Vannier, Jean; Yang, Xianfeng; Chen, Aiiln; Huijuan, Mai; Shu, Degan; Han, Jian; Fu, Dongjing; Wang, Rong; Mayer, Georg. Evolutionary trade-off in reproduction of Cambrian arthropods. Science Advances. 2020-04-29, 6 (18): 3376–3405. PMC 7190318可免费查阅. PMID 32426476. S2CID 218675348. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaz3376可免费查阅. 
  22. ^ Izquierdo-López, Alejandro; Caron, Jean-Bernard. The problematic Cambrian arthropod Tuzoia and the origin of mandibulates revisited. Royal Society Open Science. December 2022, 9 (12): 220933. ISSN 2054-5703. PMC 9727825可免费查阅. PMID 36483757. doi:10.1098/rsos.220933 (英语). 
  23. ^ 23.0 23.1 23.2 Izquierdo-López, Alejandro; Caron, Jean-Bernard. Extreme multisegmentation in a giant bivalved arthropod from the Cambrian Burgess Shale. iScience. 2022-07-15, 25 (7): 104675. ISSN 2589-0042. PMID 35845166. S2CID 250057171. doi:10.1016/j.isci.2022.104675可免费查阅 (英语). 
  24. ^ 24.0 24.1 Zhai, Dayou; Williams, Mark; Siveter, David J.; Siveter, Derek J.; Harvey, Thomas H. P.; Sansom, Robert S.; Mai, Huijuan; Zhou, Runqing; Hou, Xianguang. Chuandianella ovata: An early Cambrian stem euarthropod with feather-like appendages. Palaeontologia Electronica. 2022-02-22, 25 (1): 1–22 [2023-10-31]. ISSN 1094-8074. S2CID 247123967. doi:10.26879/1172可免费查阅. (原始内容存档于2023-11-28) (英语). 
  25. ^ Izquierdo-López, Alejandro; Caron, Jean-Bernard. A possible case of inverted lifestyle in a new bivalved arthropod from the Burgess Shale. Royal Society Open Science. 2019, 6 (11): 191350. PMC 6894550可免费查阅. PMID 31827867. doi:10.1098/rsos.191350. 
  26. ^ Zeng, Han; Zhao, Fang-Chen; Yin, Zong-Jun; Zhu, Mao-Yan. A new early Cambrian bivalved euarthropod from Yunnan, China and general interspecific morphological and size variations in Cambrian hymenocarines. Palaeoworld. September 2021, 30 (3): 387–397 [2023-10-31]. doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2020.09.002. (原始内容存档于2022-08-10) (英语). 
  27. ^ Briggs, D. E. G. The Arthropod Odaraia alata Walcott, Middle Cambrian, Burgess Shale, British Columbia. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 1981, 291 (1056): 541–582 [2023-10-31]. JSTOR 2395403. (原始内容存档于2023-08-27). 
  28. ^ Izquierdo-López, Alejandro; Caron, Jean-Bernard. A possible case of inverted lifestyle in a new bivalved arthropod from the Burgess Shale. Royal Society Open Science. 2019, 6 (11): 191350. PMC 6894550可免费查阅. PMID 31827867. doi:10.1098/rsos.191350.