衝動 (心理學)

在心理學中，衝動是一種純粹跟隨慾望等做出行為的傾向，表現出的行為特徵是很少或根本沒有預先計畫、反思或考慮後果。^[1] 衝動行為通常是“構思不當、表達過早、風險過大，或不適合且通常會導致不良後果的情況”^[2]，這會危及長期目標和成功戰略。^[3] 衝動可以歸類為多因素結構。^[4] 也有一種功能性的衝動，即在適當的情況下沒有經過深思熟慮的行動，可以而且確實會導致理想的結果。 “當這種行為產生積極的結果時，它們往往不被視為衝動的跡象，而是作為大膽（英語：Boldness）、敏捷、自發性、勇敢或不受常規約束的指標”。^[2]^[5] 因此，衝動的構成至少包括兩個獨立的組成部分：首先，在沒有適當考慮的情況下採取行動^[2]，可能會或可能不會起作用；第二，選擇短期收益而不是長期收益。^[6]

衝動既是人格的一個方面，也是各種心理障礙的主要組成部分，包括胎兒酒精譜系障礙、注意力不足過動症^[7]、物質使用障礙^[8]^[9]、雙相情感障礙^[10]、反社會人格障礙^[11]和邊緣型人格障礙^[12]。在後天腦損傷（英語：Acquired brain injury）^[13]和神經退行性疾病^[14]的情況下，也注意到了異常的衝動模式。神經生物學研究結果表明，衝動行為涉及特定的大腦區域^[15]^[16]^[17]，儘管不同的大腦網絡可能導致不同的衝動表現^[18]，並且遺傳可能發揮作用。^[19]

許多行動同時包含衝動性和強迫性特徵，但衝動性和強迫性在功能上是不同的。衝動性和強迫性是相互關聯的，因為它們都表現出過早或未經深思熟慮的行為傾向，並且通常會產生負面結果。^[20]^[21] 強迫性可能是一個連續統一體，一方面是強迫性，另一方面是衝動性，但在這一點上的研究是相矛盾的。^[22] 強迫性是對感知到的風險或威脅的反應，而衝動是對感知到的直接收益或利益的反應^[20]，並且，強迫性涉及重複的行為，而衝動性涉及無計劃的反應。

衝動是賭博和酒精成癮的共同特徵。研究表明擁有此類成癮情況的人，擁有比沒有此類成癮情況的人更高的延遲付款貼現比率；此類成癮情況亦會導致貼現行為的累加效應（英語：additive effects）。^[23]

參見

參考文獻

^ VandenBos, G. R. APA dictionary of psychology. Washington, DC: APA. 2007: 470. ISBN 9781591473800.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Daruna, J. H.; Barnes, P. A. A neurodevelopmental view of impulsivity. McCown, William George; Johnson, Judith L.; Shure, Myrna B. (编). The Impulsive Client: Theory, Research, and Treatment. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. 1993: 23–37. ISBN 978-1-55798-208-7. doi:10.1037/10500-002.
^ Madden, Gregory J.; Johnson, Patrick S. A Delay-Discounting Primer. Madden, Gregory Jude; Bickel, Warren K. (编). Impulsivity: The Behavioral and Neurological Science of Discounting. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. 2010: 11–37. ISBN 978-1-4338-0477-9.
^ Evenden, J. L. Varieties of impulsivity. Psychopharmacology. 1999, 146 (4): 348–61. PMID 10550486. S2CID 5972342. doi:10.1007/PL00005481.
^ Dickman, Scott J. Functional and dysfunctional impulsivity: Personality and cognitive correlates. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1990, 58 (1): 95–102. PMID 2308076. S2CID 34912306. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.58.1.95.
^ Rachlin, Howard. Self-Control as an Abstraction of Environmental Feedback. The Science of Self-Control. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 2000: 183 [2021-12-19]. ISBN 978-0-674-00093-3. （原始内容存档于2021-12-19）.
^ Nigg, Joel T. Is ADHD a disinhibitory disorder?. Psychological Bulletin. 2001, 127 (5): 571–98. PMID 11548968. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.127.5.571.
^ Lane, Scott D.; Cherek, Don R.; Rhoades, Howard M.; Pietras, Cynthia J.; Tcheremissine, Oleg V. Relationships Among Laboratory and Psychometric Measures of Impulsivity: Implications in Substance Abuse and Dependence. Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment. 2003, 2 (2): 33–40. S2CID 143129215. doi:10.1097/00132576-200302020-00001.
^ Madden, G.J.; Petry, N.M.; Badger, G.J.; Bickel, W. K. Impulsive and self-control choices in opioid-dependent patients and non-drug-using control patients: Drug and monetary rewards. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1997, 5 (3): 256–62. PMID 9260073. doi:10.1037/1064-1297.5.3.256.
^ Henry, Chantal; Mitropoulou, Vivian; New, Antonia S; Koenigsberg, Harold W; Silverman, Jeremy; Siever, Larry J. Affective instability and impulsivity in borderline personality and bipolar II disorders: Similarities and differences. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2001, 35 (6): 307–12. PMID 11684137. doi:10.1016/S0022-3956(01)00038-3.
^ Horn, N.R.; Dolan, M.; Elliott, R.; Deakin, J.F.W.; Woodruff, P.W.R. Response inhibition and impulsivity: An fMRI study. Neuropsychologia. 2003, 41 (14): 1959–66. PMID 14572528. S2CID 31957781. doi:10.1016/S0028-3932(03)00077-0.
^ Henry, Chantal; Mitropoulou, Vivian; New, Antonia S; Koenigsberg, Harold W; Silverman, Jeremy; Siever, Larry J. Affective instability and impulsivity in borderline personality and bipolar II disorders: Similarities and differences. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2001, 35 (6): 307–12. PMID 11684137. doi:10.1016/S0022-3956(01)00038-3.
^ Dixon, Mark R.; Jacobs, Eric A.; Sanders, Scott; Guercio, John M.; Soldner, James; Parker-Singler, Susan; Robinson, Ashton; Small, Stacey; Dillen, Jeffrey E. Impulsivity, self-control, and delay discounting in persons with acquired brain injury. Behavioral Interventions. 2005, 20 (1): 101–20. doi:10.1002/bin.173.
^ Gleichgerrcht, Ezequiel; Ibáñez, Agustín; Roca, María; Torralva, Teresa; Manes, Facundo. Decision-making cognition in neurodegenerative diseases. Nature Reviews Neurology. 2010, 6 (11): 611–23. PMID 21045795. S2CID 13333018. doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2010.148.
^ Corsini, Raymond Joseph. The Dictionary of Psychology. Psychology Press. 1999: 476. ISBN 1-58391-028-X.
^ Berlin, H. A.; Rolls, E. T.; Kischka, U. Impulsivity, time perception, emotion and reinforcement sensitivity in patients with orbitofrontal cortex lesions. Brain. 2004, 127 (5): 1108–26. PMID 14985269. doi:10.1093/brain/awh135 .
^ Salmond, C.H.; Menon, D.K.; Chatfield, D.A.; Pickard, J.D.; Sahakian, B.J. Deficits in Decision-Making in Head Injury Survivors. Journal of Neurotrauma. 2005, 22 (6): 613–22. PMID 15941371. doi:10.1089/neu.2005.22.613.
^ Whelan, Robert; Conrod, Patricia J; Poline, Jean-Baptiste; Lourdusamy, Anbarasu; Banaschewski, Tobias; Barker, Gareth J; Bellgrove, Mark A; Büchel, Christian; et al. Adolescent impulsivity phenotypes characterized by distinct brain networks. Nature Neuroscience. 2012, 15 (6): 920–5. PMID 22544311. S2CID 18808674. doi:10.1038/nn.3092.
^ Terracciano, A; Esko, T; Sutin, A R; De Moor, M H M; Meirelles, O; Zhu, G; Tanaka, T; Giegling, I; et al. Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies identifies common variants in CTNNA2 associated with excitement-seeking. Translational Psychiatry. 2011, 1 (10): e49–. PMC 3309493 . PMID 22833195. doi:10.1038/tp.2011.42.
^ ^20.0 ^20.1 Berlin, Heather A.; Hollander, Eric. Understanding the Differences Between Impulsivity and Compulsivity. Psychiatric Times. July 1, 2008. （原始内容存档于December 3, 2013）.
^ Oldham, J.M.; Hollander, E.; Skodol, A.E. Impulsivity and Compulsivity. Washington D.C.: American Psychiatric Press. 1996. ^{[页码请求]}
^ Engel, Scott G.; Corneliussen, Stephanie J.; Wonderlich, Stephen A.; Crosby, Ross D.; Le Grange, Daniel; Crow, Scott; Klein, Marjorie; Bardone-Cone, Anna; et al. Impulsivity and compulsivity in bulimia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2005, 38 (3): 244–51. PMID 16211626. doi:10.1002/eat.20169.
^ Andrade, Leonardo F.; Alessi, Sheila M.; Petry, Nancy M. The Effects of Alcohol Problems and Smoking on Delay Discounting in Individuals with Gambling Problems. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs (Informa UK Limited). 2013, 45 (3): 241–248. ISSN 0279-1072. PMC 3816387 . PMID 24175489. doi:10.1080/02791072.2013.803645.

[1] VandenBos, G. R. APA dictionary of psychology. Washington, DC: APA. 2007: 470. ISBN 9781591473800.

[Daruna-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Daruna, J. H.; Barnes, P. A. A neurodevelopmental view of impulsivity. McCown, William George; Johnson, Judith L.; Shure, Myrna B. (编). The Impulsive Client: Theory, Research, and Treatment. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. 1993: 23–37. ISBN 978-1-55798-208-7. doi:10.1037/10500-002.

[M&G10-3] Madden, Gregory J.; Johnson, Patrick S. A Delay-Discounting Primer. Madden, Gregory Jude; Bickel, Warren K. (编). Impulsivity: The Behavioral and Neurological Science of Discounting. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. 2010: 11–37. ISBN 978-1-4338-0477-9.

[4] Evenden, J. L. Varieties of impulsivity. Psychopharmacology. 1999, 146 (4): 348–61. PMID 10550486. S2CID 5972342. doi:10.1007/PL00005481.

[5] Dickman, Scott J. Functional and dysfunctional impulsivity: Personality and cognitive correlates. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1990, 58 (1): 95–102. PMID 2308076. S2CID 34912306. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.58.1.95.

[6] Rachlin, Howard. Self-Control as an Abstraction of Environmental Feedback. The Science of Self-Control. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 2000: 183 [2021-12-19]. ISBN 978-0-674-00093-3. （原始内容存档于2021-12-19）.

[7] Nigg, Joel T. Is ADHD a disinhibitory disorder?. Psychological Bulletin. 2001, 127 (5): 571–98. PMID 11548968. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.127.5.571.

[8] Lane, Scott D.; Cherek, Don R.; Rhoades, Howard M.; Pietras, Cynthia J.; Tcheremissine, Oleg V. Relationships Among Laboratory and Psychometric Measures of Impulsivity: Implications in Substance Abuse and Dependence. Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment. 2003, 2 (2): 33–40. S2CID 143129215. doi:10.1097/00132576-200302020-00001.

[9] Madden, G.J.; Petry, N.M.; Badger, G.J.; Bickel, W. K. Impulsive and self-control choices in opioid-dependent patients and non-drug-using control patients: Drug and monetary rewards. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1997, 5 (3): 256–62. PMID 9260073. doi:10.1037/1064-1297.5.3.256.

[Henry-10] Henry, Chantal; Mitropoulou, Vivian; New, Antonia S; Koenigsberg, Harold W; Silverman, Jeremy; Siever, Larry J. Affective instability and impulsivity in borderline personality and bipolar II disorders: Similarities and differences. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2001, 35 (6): 307–12. PMID 11684137. doi:10.1016/S0022-3956(01)00038-3.

[Horn-11] Horn, N.R.; Dolan, M.; Elliott, R.; Deakin, J.F.W.; Woodruff, P.W.R. Response inhibition and impulsivity: An fMRI study. Neuropsychologia. 2003, 41 (14): 1959–66. PMID 14572528. S2CID 31957781. doi:10.1016/S0028-3932(03)00077-0.

[Henry3-12] Henry, Chantal; Mitropoulou, Vivian; New, Antonia S; Koenigsberg, Harold W; Silverman, Jeremy; Siever, Larry J. Affective instability and impulsivity in borderline personality and bipolar II disorders: Similarities and differences. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2001, 35 (6): 307–12. PMID 11684137. doi:10.1016/S0022-3956(01)00038-3.

[13] Dixon, Mark R.; Jacobs, Eric A.; Sanders, Scott; Guercio, John M.; Soldner, James; Parker-Singler, Susan; Robinson, Ashton; Small, Stacey; Dillen, Jeffrey E. Impulsivity, self-control, and delay discounting in persons with acquired brain injury. Behavioral Interventions. 2005, 20 (1): 101–20. doi:10.1002/bin.173.

[14] Gleichgerrcht, Ezequiel; Ibáñez, Agustín; Roca, María; Torralva, Teresa; Manes, Facundo. Decision-making cognition in neurodegenerative diseases. Nature Reviews Neurology. 2010, 6 (11): 611–23. PMID 21045795. S2CID 13333018. doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2010.148.

[15] Corsini, Raymond Joseph. The Dictionary of Psychology. Psychology Press. 1999: 476. ISBN 1-58391-028-X.

[16] Berlin, H. A.; Rolls, E. T.; Kischka, U. Impulsivity, time perception, emotion and reinforcement sensitivity in patients with orbitofrontal cortex lesions. Brain. 2004, 127 (5): 1108–26. PMID 14985269. doi:10.1093/brain/awh135 .

[17] Salmond, C.H.; Menon, D.K.; Chatfield, D.A.; Pickard, J.D.; Sahakian, B.J. Deficits in Decision-Making in Head Injury Survivors. Journal of Neurotrauma. 2005, 22 (6): 613–22. PMID 15941371. doi:10.1089/neu.2005.22.613.

[18] Whelan, Robert; Conrod, Patricia J; Poline, Jean-Baptiste; Lourdusamy, Anbarasu; Banaschewski, Tobias; Barker, Gareth J; Bellgrove, Mark A; Büchel, Christian; et al. Adolescent impulsivity phenotypes characterized by distinct brain networks. Nature Neuroscience. 2012, 15 (6): 920–5. PMID 22544311. S2CID 18808674. doi:10.1038/nn.3092.

[:0-19] Terracciano, A; Esko, T; Sutin, A R; De Moor, M H M; Meirelles, O; Zhu, G; Tanaka, T; Giegling, I; et al. Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies identifies common variants in CTNNA2 associated with excitement-seeking. Translational Psychiatry. 2011, 1 (10): e49–. PMC 3309493 . PMID 22833195. doi:10.1038/tp.2011.42.

[Berlin,_H._A._2008-20] 20.0 ^20.1 Berlin, Heather A.; Hollander, Eric. Understanding the Differences Between Impulsivity and Compulsivity. Psychiatric Times. July 1, 2008. （原始内容存档于December 3, 2013）.

[21] Oldham, J.M.; Hollander, E.; Skodol, A.E. Impulsivity and Compulsivity. Washington D.C.: American Psychiatric Press. 1996. ^{[页码请求]}

[22] Engel, Scott G.; Corneliussen, Stephanie J.; Wonderlich, Stephen A.; Crosby, Ross D.; Le Grange, Daniel; Crow, Scott; Klein, Marjorie; Bardone-Cone, Anna; et al. Impulsivity and compulsivity in bulimia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2005, 38 (3): 244–51. PMID 16211626. doi:10.1002/eat.20169.

[Andrade_Alessi_Petry_2013_pp._241–248-23] Andrade, Leonardo F.; Alessi, Sheila M.; Petry, Nancy M. The Effects of Alcohol Problems and Smoking on Delay Discounting in Individuals with Gambling Problems. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs (Informa UK Limited). 2013, 45 (3): 241–248. ISSN 0279-1072. PMC 3816387 . PMID 24175489. doi:10.1080/02791072.2013.803645.

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