金顶夏威夷树蜗

金顶小玛瑙螺
	夏威夷金顶树蜗壳的绘图。
保护状况
	; 極危（IUCN 2.3）
科学分类
界：	动物界 Animalia
门：	軟體動物門 Mollusca
纲：	腹足纲 Gastropoda
目：	柄眼目 Stylommatophora
科：	小瑪瑙螺科 Achatinellidae
属：	小瑪瑙螺屬 Achatinella
种：	金顶小玛瑙螺 A. apexfulva
二名法
	Achatinella apexfulva; (乔治·迪克森（英语：George Dixon (Royal Navy officer)）, 1789)
異名
	列表 Achatinella lugubris Chemnitz ; Achatinella pica Swainson ; Achatinella vespertina Baldwin ; Achatinella apicata var. alba Sykes ; Achatinella apicata Newcomb ; Achatinella swiftii Newcomb ; Achatinella aptycha Pfeiffer ; Helix Avex Fulva Dixon ; Turbo apexfulva Dixon, 1798 (original combination?) ; Turbo lugubris Chemnitz ; Monodonta seminigra Lamarck ; Bulimus seminiger Mke ; Apex gulickii Smith ; Apex lilaceus Gulick ;

金顶夏威夷树蜗（学名：Achatinella apexfulva），又译夏威夷金顶树蜗或金顶小玛瑙螺，是一种分布在夏威夷的树栖（英语：Arboreal locomotion）肺螺类陆地蜗牛（英语：Land snail），该物种是美国夏威夷瓦胡岛的特有种。

A. apexfulva是夏威夷蜗牛的模式种，种加词apexfulva，意为“黄色的尖”（yellow-tipped），指的是蜗牛壳黄色尖端。

物种信息

金顶夏威夷树蜗只在美国夏威夷瓦胡岛森林中有分布，目前被认为可能已经绝灭。1787年，英国探险家乔治·迪克森（George Dixon）在瓦胡岛发现并记录了夏威夷金顶树蜗，据记载这些树蜗牛数量极多，它们的壳被用于制作项链。^[3]^[4]在步入20世纪后，夏威夷的蜗牛受到掠夺式“收集”，并且随人类登岛的老鼠也对夏威夷蜗牛种群造成威胁。^[5]^[6]在1955年，为控制农业害虫夏威夷引入以其它蜗牛和软体动物为食的玫瑰蜗牛，这导致金顶夏威夷树蜗野外数量快速下降。^[7]^[8]1997年，最后10只金顶夏威夷树蜗被送往夏威夷大学人工饲养并成功孵育小树蜗。之后由于不明原因几乎所有树蜗都已死亡，2011年时仅有一个个体“乔治（英语：George (snail)）”^{[註 1]}处于人工饲养状态，野外已无金顶夏威夷树蜗观察记录。^[9]^[10]2017年，研究者取下“乔治”脚部约2毫米长的身体组织冷冻保存。^[11]2019年1月1日，金顶夏威夷树蜗最后个体（英语：Endling）14岁的“乔治”死亡，尽管国际自然保护联盟仍将该物种保护状况评估为极危物种，但其事实上已经绝灭。^[7]^[12]

注释

^ 乔治这一名称来自2012年逝去的最后一只平塔岛象龟孤独乔治或金顶夏威夷树蜗的发现及命名者乔治·迪克森（英语：George Dixon (Royal Navy officer)）。

參考文獻

^ Hadfield M. & Hadway L. Achatinella apexfulva. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN). 1996, 1996: e.T168A13038669 [10 January 2018]. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T168A13038669.en. （原始内容存档于2018-10-09）.
^ Pilsbry, Henry A. Historical Notes on the Literature. Manual of Conchology. 1912–1914, XXII [29 February 2016]. The first Achatinellid shells brought to Europe, so far as we know, were obtained by Captain George Dixon, who visited the Hawaiian Islands in 1786 and 1787. They were strung on a lei or necklace, which seems to have been made entirely of Achatinella apexfulva and A. decora. It appears that four specific names were based upon these specimens.
^ 20Minutos. Muere George, el último caracol de su especie, después de 14 años de vida solo. 20minutos.es - Últimas Noticias. 2019-01-09 [2019-01-11]. （原始内容存档于2019-01-11）（西班牙语）.
^ Department of Land and Natural Resources | 01/04/19-THE LAST KNOWN LAND SNAIL OF HIS KIND DIES. dlnr.hawaii.gov. [2019-01-11]. （原始内容存档于2019-01-11）.
^ Nachrichten, n-tv. Hawaii trauert um Schnecke "Lonely George". n-tv.de. [2019-01-11]. （原始内容存档于2019-07-01）（德语）.
^ Kerr, Breena. 'Voice of the forest': George the snail, last of his kind, dies at age 14. The Guardian. 2019-01-08 [2019-01-11]. ISSN 0261-3077. （原始内容存档于2019-01-10）（英国英语）.
^ ^7.0 ^7.1 World's loneliest snail dies, and a species goes extinct. Animals. 2019-01-08 [2019-01-11]. （原始内容存档于2019-01-11）.
^ RIP George, the last of his species. TreeHugger. [2019-01-11]. （原始内容存档于2019-01-11）（英语）.
^ The Recently Extinct Plants and Animals Database cubit: The Recently Extinct Plants and Animals Database Extinct Molluscs: Gastropods: Achatinella apexfulva. cubits.org. [2019-01-11]. （原始内容存档于2019-01-04）.
^ Dooren, Thom van. The last snail: conservation and extinction in Hawai’i. Thom van Dooren. 2013-02-28 [2019-01-11]. （原始内容存档于2019-03-27）（英语）.
^ George, Last Hawaiian Land Snail Of His Kind, Dies. www.bigislandvideonews.com. [2019-01-11]. （原始内容存档于2019-01-10）.
^ George, Reclusive Hawaiian Snail And Last Of His Kind, Dies At 14. NPR.org. [2019-01-11]. （原始内容存档于2019-01-09）（英语）.

外部連結

[9] 乔治这一名称来自2012年逝去的最后一只平塔岛象龟孤独乔治或金顶夏威夷树蜗的发现及命名者乔治·迪克森（英语：George Dixon (Royal Navy officer)）。

[iucn-1] Hadfield M. & Hadway L. Achatinella apexfulva. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN). 1996, 1996: e.T168A13038669 [10 January 2018]. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T168A13038669.en. （原始内容存档于2018-10-09）.

[2] Pilsbry, Henry A. Historical Notes on the Literature. Manual of Conchology. 1912–1914, XXII [29 February 2016]. The first Achatinellid shells brought to Europe, so far as we know, were obtained by Captain George Dixon, who visited the Hawaiian Islands in 1786 and 1787. They were strung on a lei or necklace, which seems to have been made entirely of Achatinella apexfulva and A. decora. It appears that four specific names were based upon these specimens.

[3] 20Minutos. Muere George, el último caracol de su especie, después de 14 años de vida solo. 20minutos.es - Últimas Noticias. 2019-01-09 [2019-01-11]. （原始内容存档于2019-01-11）（西班牙语）.

[4] Department of Land and Natural Resources | 01/04/19-THE LAST KNOWN LAND SNAIL OF HIS KIND DIES. dlnr.hawaii.gov. [2019-01-11]. （原始内容存档于2019-01-11）.

[5] Nachrichten, n-tv. Hawaii trauert um Schnecke "Lonely George". n-tv.de. [2019-01-11]. （原始内容存档于2019-07-01）（德语）.

[6] Kerr, Breena. 'Voice of the forest': George the snail, last of his kind, dies at age 14. The Guardian. 2019-01-08 [2019-01-11]. ISSN 0261-3077. （原始内容存档于2019-01-10）（英国英语）.

[Animals-7] 7.0 ^7.1 World's loneliest snail dies, and a species goes extinct. Animals. 2019-01-08 [2019-01-11]. （原始内容存档于2019-01-11）.

[8] RIP George, the last of his species. TreeHugger. [2019-01-11]. （原始内容存档于2019-01-11）（英语）.

[10] The Recently Extinct Plants and Animals Database cubit: The Recently Extinct Plants and Animals Database Extinct Molluscs: Gastropods: Achatinella apexfulva. cubits.org. [2019-01-11]. （原始内容存档于2019-01-04）.

[11] Dooren, Thom van. The last snail: conservation and extinction in Hawai’i. Thom van Dooren. 2013-02-28 [2019-01-11]. （原始内容存档于2019-03-27）（英语）.

[12] George, Last Hawaiian Land Snail Of His Kind, Dies. www.bigislandvideonews.com. [2019-01-11]. （原始内容存档于2019-01-10）.

[13] George, Reclusive Hawaiian Snail And Last Of His Kind, Dies At 14. NPR.org. [2019-01-11]. （原始内容存档于2019-01-09）（英语）.

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