草稿:町屋

  关于位于日本东京的一处火车和电车站，请见「町屋站」。

位于名古屋船入町的東松家住宅是大型町屋的一个典例

位于京都的一所町屋的立面

奈良的老式布料店

町屋（日语：町屋（まちや））或町家（日语：町家（まちや））是日本各地常见的传统木制排屋建筑，典型的町屋常见于作为日本古都的京都。 町屋与“农家”共同构成了日本乡土建筑“民家”的两类主要建筑类型。

町屋的起源可追溯至日本的平安时代，此后经历代传承持续发展到江户时代乃至明治时代。町屋里通常居住着城市商人和工匠，这一阶层在当时的日本被统称为“町人”。町屋顾名思义便带有“町人居住的屋子”的含义。

京町屋

通庭（通り庭）上的火袋

View from tōriniwa over the wood-floored engawa into the row of rooms alongside

在京都的町屋，有时会被称为“京町屋”或“京町家”，在几个世纪以来形成了京都市中心建筑的代表性特征，从而也一定程度上代表了当时全日本范围内“町屋”的标准形式。

典型的京都式町屋是一种长木屋，其临街区域较为狭窄，可深入城市街区，内部通常还包含一个或多个小庭院花园，称为“坪庭”（坪庭（つぼにわ））。町屋一般由土墙和陶瓦屋顶组成，常为一层、一层半或两层高，在少数情况下可达三层。町屋的正面空间在传统上常用作商店空间，称为“店之间”（店の間），通常设有可以打开的滑动或折叠百叶窗用以展示商品。

商店空间后面的其余建筑部分一般被划分为不同的“居室部”，由带有凸起木地板和榻榻米垫覆盖物的分隔房间组成。此外还设有一个没有木制地板的泥地服务区域，称为“土间”或“通庭”（通り庭），其中包含厨房，也作为通往地块后方，即仓库所在的通道。

位于厨房上方的“火袋”既可作为烟囱用于排散烟气和热量，也可作为天窗在厨房内提供光线。传统上，地块的宽度是财富的象征，典型的町屋地块宽度为5.4至6米（18至20英尺），但深度可达20米（66英尺），因此被称为“鳗之寝床”（うなぎの寝床）。

一座“町屋”中最大的起居房间位于主建筑后方，可俯瞰将主屋与仓库分隔开的花园，被称为“座敷”，兼作接待贵宾或客户的接待室。和大多数的传统日本建筑一样，町屋内部里遍布着的推拉门提供了相当大的灵活性；可以根据需求来打​​开、关闭乃至完全拆除这些门，以改变房间的数量、大小和形状。但通常情况下，建筑的其余部分可能会被布置成较小的房间，包括玄关（玄関）、佛间（仏間）、“中之间”（中の間）和“奥之间”（奥の間），两者皆意为“中部房间”。

在一些场合中，町屋内的房间布局会发生极大变化。例如在祇园祭期间家家户户会展示他们的家藏物品，包括屏风绘和其他艺术品以及传家宝。町屋还会为服装、装饰品、御神輿、花车和节日所需的其他物品提供空间，并为节日游行路线上的观众提供便利。

町屋的设计也非常适合京都的气候；京都的冬天寒冷，夏天往往非常炎热潮湿，可以添加或移除多层推拉门（“襖”和“障子”）来调节室内温度；在冬天关上所有的屏风可以御寒，而夏天将它们打开亦可一定程度上缓解炎热和潮湿。

传统上，町屋还会使用不同类型的屏风，这些屏风会随着季节变化而被调整；如夏季一般使用编织的竹屏风以便空气流通，同时有助于遮挡阳光。露天的花园庭院同样有助于空气流通，并将光线带入房屋内。

设计元素

Façade of a shop in the historic Matsuyama merchant quarter of Uda city, Nara prefecture; an example of machiya design, featuring kōshi latticework on the ground floor, earthwork walls on the second story with mushikomado windows and clay roof tiles.

町屋的正面设有木制的格子（格子（こうし））用以表示商店的类型。诸如丝绸或线料店、米贩、“置屋”（艺伎店）和酒铺等等，都有自己独特的格子风格。格子的类型或风格至今仍以其所代表的商店类型来命名，如“丝屋格子”（糸屋格子（いとやごうし））或“米屋格子”（米屋格子（こめやごうし））。这些格子有时从建筑物正面伸出，在这种情况下被称为“出格子”（出格子（でごうし））。尽管大部分类型的格子通常不上色，花街（艺伎和花魁社区）的格子经常被漆成“红壳”色（紅殻（べんがら）），一种朱红色或赭色。

町屋二楼的立面一般不采用木材，而是采用土方结构，并带有一种称为“虫笼窗”（虫籠窓（むしこまど））的独特风格的窗户。

町屋的主要入口由两扇门组成。其中“大户”（大戸（おおど））通常仅用于将货物或大型物体运送到建筑物中，而较小的“潜户”（潜り戸（くぐりど））则用于日常用途，例如供人们出入。

町屋通常还包含小庭院花园。

社区

町屋社区与北京的胡同社区所相仿。众多小街坊由密集的住宅组成，这些住宅分布在一条狭窄的街道的两侧，有时住宅之间会有被称为“路地”（路地（ろじ））的小巷以营造社区感。此外，许多地区在传统上以其特产的单一工艺或产品而闻名，例如西阵社区便以其纺织品而闻名；工艺技术的分享极大地促进了该地区纺织品商人之间的社区感。

拆除

Machiya, despite their status as part of Japan's cultural heritage, have undergone rapid decline in numbers in recent decades, with many being demolished in order to provide space for new buildings. Many reasons for this decline exist; machiya are considered to be difficult and expensive to maintain, are subject to greater risk of damage from fires or earthquakes than modern buildings, and are considered old-fashioned and outdated by some. In a survey conducted in 2003, over 50% of machiya residents noted that it is financially difficult to maintain a machiya.

Between 1993 and 2003, over 13% of the machiya in Kyoto were demolished. Roughly forty percent of those demolished were replaced with new modern houses, and another 40% were replaced with high-rise apartment buildings, parking lots, or modern-style commercial shops Of those machiya remaining, over 80% have suffered significant losses to the traditional appearance of their façades. Roughly 20% of Kyoto's machiya have been altered in a process called 直译：「signboard architecture」（看板建築，kanban kenchiku）, retaining the basic shape of a machiya, but their façades have been completely covered over in cement, which replaces the wooden lattices of the first story and mushikomado windows and earthwork walls of the second story. Many of these kanban kenchiku machiya have also lost their tile roofs, becoming more boxed-out in shape; many have also had aluminum or steel shutters installed, as are commonly seen in small urban shops around the world.

In response to the decline in machiya numbers, however, some groups have formed with the express aim of restoring and protecting the machiya found in Kyoto. One such institution, the Machiya Machizukuri Fund, was established in 2005 with the backing of a Tokyo-based benefactor. The group works alongside individual machiya owners to restore their buildings and to have them designated as "Structures of Scenic Importance"（景観重要建造物，keikan jūyō kenzōbutsu）; under this designation, the structures are protected from demolition without the permission of the mayor of Kyoto, and a stipend is provided by the city government to the owners of the machiya to help support the upkeep of the building. Many of these restored buildings serve, at least in part, as community centers.

Iori, a company founded by art collector, author, and traditional culture advocate Alex Kerr in 2004 to save old machiya, owns a number of machiya which it restored, maintains, and rents to travelers. The company's main office, itself located in a machiya, houses a traditional arts practice space, including a full-size Noh stage.

现况

There are many machiya remaining in Kyoto. Many are private residences, while others operating as businesses, notably cafes, and a few are museums. The largest machiya in Kyoto is Sumiya in Shimabara, the traditional yūkaku (遊廓/遊郭^?, 直译：「pleasure quarter」) of Kyoto.

参见

• 民家
• 倉
• 排屋

外部链接

• Virtual Tour of a Kyoto Machiya （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） at the Boston Children's Museum (which shipped it from Japan).
• Kyoto Machiya Resource
• Living in Machiya
• Traditional Kyoto architecture
• Sugimoto Residence -- A Kyoto Machiya
• Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System: Machiya （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• JNTO site -- Kyoto Machiya
• Japan Visitor -- Kyoto Townhouses （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• The Herbert Offen Research Collection of the Phillips Library at the Peabody Essex Museum, and important research collection in regards to Machiya