User:Bobby.deng/瓦利松戈
九圣（Wali Sanga或Wali Songo），又音译为瓦利松戈[1]，是指在爪哇岛传播伊斯兰教的九个穆斯林，因其于伊斯兰教在印度尼西亚的传播中的影响力而被尊为圣人。
词源
“圣”为阿拉伯词语“瓦利”的对译，而“瓦利”本意为“信任的人”（在其他印尼文献中又被翻译为“守护者”）或“神之友”，“九”为爪哇语songo的对译；还有一种解释认为，sango或sanga一词来源于阿拉伯语的“那里”的发音，表示高贵；另一种说法认为来源于爪哇语中的“那里”（sana，与印尼语相同，位置的意思）。[2]
每位圣人通常会被冠以“苏南”的称号，在爪哇語中，苏南（sunan）一词可能来源于suhun，在此语境中意为“尊敬的”。[3]另外一种说法认为这个词来自福建方言，“su”来自于“suhu”或者“saihu”，意思是老师。而“nan”则是南方，表示这些哈纳斐追随者是从中国南方来的。[2]
起源
一些苏菲派穆斯林从印度古吉拉特邦出发，途径苏木都剌国（现属亞齊特區的一部分）来到爪哇岛。最早的圣人马利克·易卜拉欣（源自撒馬爾罕）于公元1419年来到爪哇。
考证他们的血统困难重重，但大多数学者都认为他们有阿拉伯血统。[5] 虽然道统被列于各种爪哇皇家编年史(如《万丹历史》）以表明祖先血统，但道统在蘇非主義中指老师的世系。其中一些精神世系被马丁·范·布鲁尼森引用在他的关于万丹苏丹国的著作中， 尤其是关于苏南·古农·查提的。[6]
虽然信徒们时常将九圣视作在爪哇岛传播伊斯兰教的先驱，但一般认为是鄭和在第一次航行（公元1405 - 1407年）期间到达的爪哇的时候带来的伊斯兰教。
其中一部分圣人具有华人血统：苏南·安佩尔（中文名Bong Swi Ho）、苏南·博囊（安佩尔之子，Bong Ang)、苏南·卡利查加（Gan Si Cang）等。[7]亦有学者认为部分圣人为华人穆斯林的后代。[8]
来自占婆的穆斯林公主德维·詹德拉勿兰（Dewi Candrawulan）是拉登·拉赫迈特（Raden Rahmat，即苏南·安佩尔）的母亲，苏南·安佩尔是马利克·易卜拉欣的儿子，也是其他圣人的祖先或老师。[9][10]
Synopsis
九圣的人员构成因不同的文献来源而各不相同。下面的名单被广泛接受，但它的真实性很大程度上依赖于一些早期来源的重复引用，以及在学校教科书和其他现代科目中被强化为“事实”。该名单不同于《爪哇国土史》手稿中所启示的。
关于成员组成不同的其中一个理论是：“最有可能的解释是，9位宗教领袖组成了一个松散的长老会，老成员隐退或去世后，新成员加入了进来。”[11]但需要注意的是，“瓦利松戈”一词是由历史学家所造，所以并没有正式的成员名单。此外，圣人生活时代的差异表明，可能永远不会有9人同时存活于世。
起初，伊斯兰教在群岛的传播并不容易。根据历史记载，在约800年的时间跨度里，伊斯兰教也没有建立实质的影响。唐朝的历史文献表明，来自中东的商贾在公元674年到达了位于苏门答腊岛的三佛齐王国，[12][13][14]和位于爪哇岛的诃陵王国，[15][16][17][18]也就是阿里·本·阿比·塔利卜到穆阿威叶的过渡时期。在十世纪，一群叫Lor部落的波斯人来到了爪哇岛，他们定居于Ngudung（古突士县）的一片被称作Loram（源自意为北方的词语“Lor”）的区域内。他们也在锦石等地建立了社区，可追溯到公元10世纪的法蒂玛·宾蒂·迈蒙陵墓的墓碑被认为是波斯部落移民的证据。[19][20]
在马可·波罗的记录中他提到，在1292年从中国返回意大利时，他并未走陆上丝绸之路，而是走的朝波斯湾的水路。他在不剌（今亚齐波腊）停留时，得知当地有3群人：全为穆斯林的华人、全为穆斯林的波斯人和崇拜树木、岩石和鬼神的内陆土著。[21][22]在他的证词中，他对八剌剌国（卑列拉苏丹国的《元史》译名[23]，《大德南海志》中译作“不剌”[24]）：你必须知道的是，经常光顾这个王国的撒拉森人商人已经将当地人转变为穆罕默德的信徒了——我的意思是只有镇民，因为爪哇山民像野兽一样生活在世界各地，吃人肉或其他无论干净与否的肉。[25][26]
100年后，張郃将军于1405年来到爪哇岛。在杜板停留时，他记录到当地有1,000个华人穆斯林家庭。在锦石，他也发现有1,000个华人穆斯林家庭，与在苏腊巴亚报告的数量相同。[27]在張郃于1433年第七次也是最后一次到访爪哇岛时，他邀请马欢作为他的书吏。根据马欢的说法，爪哇岛北岸城市的华人人口和阿拉伯人人口全为穆斯林，而土着人口大多是非穆斯林，因为他们崇拜树木、岩石和鬼怪。[28][29]
公元15世纪初，Ali Murtadho和Ali Rahmat（马利克·易卜拉欣的儿子们）从占婆移居到爪哇岛，[30][31]即Sheikh Ibrahim Samarqandi（马利克·易卜拉欣）定居杜板某地（位于现今的帕朗镇Gesikharjo村）。马利克·易卜拉欣于1419年葬于此地。在葬礼过后，他的两个儿子前往满者伯夷的首都，因为他们的姑姑（Dwarawati公主）嫁给了满者伯夷国王格尔达布米。[32]随后，他们都成为了满者伯夷的官员。Ali Murtadho成为管理穆斯林的Raja Pandhita， 而 Ali Rahmat被委任为泗水地区的伊玛目。Ali Rahmat又被称为Raden Rahmat，即后来的苏南·安佩尔。[33]
In sum, multiple sources and conventional wisdom agree that the Wali Songo contributed to the propagation of Islam (but not its original introduction) in the area now known as Indonesia. However, it is difficult to prove the extent of their influence in quantitative terms such as an increase in the number of adherents or masjids in the areas of their work in contrast to localities where they were not active. [34][35][36][37][38]
Names of the Walisongo
Some of the family relationships described below are well-documented; others are less certain. Even today, it is common in Java for a family friend to be called "uncle" or "brother" despite the lack of 血親.
- Maulana Malik Ibrahim also known as Sunan Gresik: Arrived on Java 1404 CE, died in 1419 CE, buried in Gresik, East Java. Activities included commerce, healing, and improvement of agricultural techniques. Father of Sunan Ampel and uncle of Sunan Giri.
- Sunan Ampel: Born in 占婆 in 1401 CE, died in 1481 CE in Demak, Indonesia, Central Java. Can be considered a focal point of the wali songo: he was the son of Sunan Gresik and the father of Sunan Bonang and Sunan Dradjat. Sunan Ampel was also the cousin and father-in-law of Sunan Giri. In addition, Sunan Ampel was the grandfather of Sunan Kudus. Sunan Bonang in turn taught Sunan Kalijaga, who was the father of Sunan Muria. Sunan Ampel was also the teacher of Raden Patah.
- Sunan Giri: Born in Blambangan (now 外南梦, the easternmost part of 爪哇岛) in 1442 CE. His father Maulana Ishak was the brother of Maulana Malik Ibrahim. Sunan Giri's grave is in Gresik near 泗水 (印尼).
- Sunan Bonang: Born in 1465 CE in Rembang (near Tuban) on the north coast of 中爪哇省. Died in 1525 CE and buried in Tuban. Brother of Sunan Drajat. Composed songs for 甘美蘭 orchestra.
- Sunan Drajat: Born in 1470 CE. Brother of Sunan Bonang. Composed songs for 甘美蘭 orchestra.
- Sunan Kudus: Died 1550 CE, buried in Kudus, Kudus. Possible originator of 哇揚皮影偶戲 puppetry.
- Sunan Kalijaga: His born name is Raden Mas Said, and he is the son of Adipati Tuban, Tumenggung Harya Wilatikta. Buried in Kadilangu, 淡目国. Used wayang kulit shadow puppets and 甘美蘭 music to convey spiritual teachings.
- Sunan Muria: Buried in 穆里亞火山, Kudus. Son of Sunan Kalijaga and Dewi Soejinah (sister of Sunan Giri), thus grandson of Maulana Ishak.
- Sunan Gunung Jati: Buried in 井里汶. Founder and first ruler of the Cirebon Sultanate. His son, Maulana Hasanudin, become the founder and the first ruler of Banten Sultanate.
Additional Wali sanga
- Sunan Sitijenar - (mentioned in the Babad Tanah Jawi)
- Sunan Walilanang - (mentioned in the Babad Tanah Jawi)
- Sunan Bayat (mentioned in Babad Tanah Jawi)
- Sunan Ngudung (son-in-law of Sunan Ampel and father of Sunan Kudus),[39][40]
Sources of information
Information about Wali Sanga is usually available in three forms:
- (a) cerita rakyat: usually written as school texts for children to understand the lives and teaching of the holy men who propagated Islam in Java and Sumatra. Some have been made into TV series, segments of which are available on YouTube.
- (b) Kraton (Indonesia) (palace) manuscripts with 'sacred' connotations: in verse and subject to limited access.
- (c) articles and books about the historical personages: by Indonesian and non-Indonesian writers who attempt to ascertain historical accuracy, sometimes by seeking corroboration from non-Indonesian accounts of history or religion.
See also
References
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维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源：Bobby.deng/瓦利松戈 |
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- Sunyoto, Agus (2014). Atlas Wali Songo: Buku Pertama yang Mengungkap Wali Songo Sebagai Fakta Sejarah. 6th edition. Depok: Pustaka IIMaN. ISBN 978-602-8648-09-7
Category:Wali Sanga Category:History of Islam in Indonesia Category:Noble titles of Indonesia Category:Muslim missionaries