User:Yining Chen/IBM 7090
IBM 7090是IBM 709大型计算机的第二代電晶體計算機版本。设计目的是用于“大规模的科学与技术应用”。IBM 7090是IBM 700/7000 系列科学计算机的第四名成员。1959年12月，IBM 7090首次被安装。[1] 在1960年，一套系统的售价通常为$2,900,000（相当于2023年的$19818701 ），租金为$63,500每月（相当于2020年的$434,000）。
IBM 7090使用36位系统，且带有一个32,768字的地址空间（15位地址）。它以2.18 μs的基本储存器周期运行, 且使用了来自IBM 7030（Stretch）项目的IBM 7302磁芯記憶體技术.
IBM 7090的处理速度约为100 FLOPS，[2]比IBM 709快6倍，且租金较IBM709低一半。[3]作为IBM 7090的升级版，IBM 7094较IBM 7090的运行速度快两倍。在1969年7月14日，IBM 7090与IBM 7094都停止了销售，但其操作系统在这之后的十年中依然可以使用。[4][5]
IBM 7090使用了50,000多个锗合金晶体管和（更快的）锗扩散节[6] 扩散基极晶体管。[7]
输入/输出
The 7090 series features a data channel architecture for input and output, a forerunner of modern 直接記憶體存取 I/O. Up to eight data channels can be attached, with up to ten IBM 729 tape drives attached to each channel. The data channels have their own very limited set of operations called commands. These are used with tape (and later, disk) storage as well as card units and printers, and offered high performance for the time. Printing and 打孔卡 I/O, however, employed the same modified unit record equipment introduced with the 704 and was slow. It became common to use a less expensive IBM 1401 computer to read cards onto 磁带 for transfer to the 7090/94. Output would be written onto tape and transferred to the 1401 for printing or card punching using its much faster peripherals, notably the IBM 1403 line printer.
Later IBM introduced the 7094/7044 Direct Coupled System; the 7044 handled 假脱机 between its fast 1400-series peripherals and 1301 or 1302 disk files, and used data channel to data channel communication as the 7094's interface to spooled data, with the 7094 primarily performing computations. There is also a 7090/7040 DCS.
Software
The 7090 and 7094 machines were quite successful for their time, and had a wide variety of software provided for them by IBM. In addition, there was a very active user community within the user organization, SHARE.
IBSYS is a "heavy duty" production operating system with numerous subsystem and language support options, among them Fortran, COBOL, SORT/MERGE, the MAP assembler, and others.
FMS, the Fortran Monitor System, was a more lightweight but still very effective system optimized for batch FORTRAN and assembler programming. The assembler provided, FAP, (FORTRAN Assembly Program), was somewhat less complete than MAP, but provided excellent capabilities for the era. FMS also incorporated a considerably enhanced derivative of the FORTRAN compiler originally written for the 704 by Backus and his team.
Notable applications
- The 相容分時系統 (CTSS), the first general purpose 分時系統 operating system,[8] developed at 麻省理工学院's Computation Center on three successive computers, an IBM 709, 7090 and 7094 with RPQs for additional features. It eventually ran on two separate 7094s, one of them at MIT計算機科學與人工智慧實驗室.[9][10][11]
- 美国国家航空航天局 used 7090s, and, later, 7094s to control the 水星计划 and 双子座计划 space flights. 戈达德太空飞行中心 operated three 7094s. During the early 阿波罗计划, a 7094 was kept operational to run flight planning software that had not yet been ported to mission control's newer IBM System/360 computers. [來源請求]
- Caltech/NASA 喷气推进实验室 had three 7094s in the Space Flight Operations Facility (SFOF, building 230), fed via tape using several 1401s, and two 7094/7044 direct-coupled systems (in buildings 125 and 156).
- Erhard Glatzel used an IBM 7090 to assist in calculations for the design of the Zeiss Planar 50mm F/0.7 lens commissioned by NASA. This lens was also used by 斯坦利·库布里克 to shoot candlelit scenes in 亂世兒女 (1975年電影).[12]
- An IBM 7090 was installed at LASL, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (Now 洛斯阿拉莫斯国家实验室).
- In 1961, Alexander Hurwitz used a 7090 to discover two 梅森素数s, with 1,281 and 1,332 digits—the 已知最大質數 at the time.
- In 1961, 迈克尔·米诺维奇 used 加利福尼亚大学洛杉矶分校's 7090 to tackle the 三体问题. His research was the scientific foundation of 美国国家航空航天局's Planetary Grand Tour project.[13]
- On February 13, 1961, an IBM 7090 was installed at the Woomera Long Range Weapons Establishment in Southern Australia.[14][15]
- In 1962, a pair of 7090s in Briarcliff Manor, New York, were the basis for the original version of the SABRE airlines reservation system introduced by American Airlines.
- The composer 伊阿尼斯·泽纳基斯 wrote his piece "Atrées" using an IBM 7090 at 旺多姆广场, Paris.
- In 1962, Daniel Shanks and 约翰·伦奇 used an IBM 7090 to compute the first 100,000 digits of π.[16]
- In 1963, three 7090 systems were imported into and installed in Japan, one each at Mitsubishi Nuclear Power Co. (whose DP division later merged with Mitsubishi Research Institute, Inc.), IBM Japan's 数据中心 in 東京都, and 东芝 in 川崎市. They were mainly used for scientific computing.
- In 1964, an early version of TRACE, a high-precision 軌道測定 and orbit propagation program, was used on an IBM 7090 computer.[17]
- Operation Match, the first computer dating service in the U.S., begun in 1965, used a 7090 at the Avco service bureau in Wilmington, Massachusetts.[18]
- In 1967, Roger N. Shepard adapted M.V. Mathews' algorithm using an IBM 7090 to synthesize 谢泼德音调s.[19]
影视作品中
- A 7090/1401 installation is featured in the motion picture 奇爱博士, with the 1403 printer playing a pivotal role in the plot
- An IBM 7090 is featured in the 2016 American biographical film 隐藏人物.
- IBM 7094 specs are visible scrolling on a screen in the 1997 film 黑洞表面.
另见
- 9PAC
- 早期IBM磁盘储存
- IBM 701
- IBM 704
- IBM 709
- IBM 711 读卡器
- IBM 716 行式打印机
- IBM 729 磁盘驱动器
- SHARE与IBSYS操作系统
- SQUOZE
- UNIVAC 1100/2200 series，UNIVAC的36位科学计算家族
- University of Michigan Executive System
- IBM产品列表
参考资料
- ^ 于7090 Data Processing System，IBM 表明“the first 7090 was installed in December, 1959”。
- ^ Bailey, David. Performance of future high-end computers. ResearchGate: 4. n.d. [April 16, 2022].
- ^ Pugh, Emerson W.; Johnson, Lyle R.; Palmer, John H. IBM's 360 and early 370 systems
. MIT Press. 1991: 36. ISBN 0-262-16123-0.
- ^ 7090 Data Processing System. IBM. n.d. [April 16, 2022].
- ^ 7094 Data Processing System. IBM. n.d. [April 16, 2022].
- ^ 引用错误：没有为名为
diffused的参考文献提供内容 - ^ 7090 Data Processing System
- ^ Singh, Jai P.; Morgan, Robert P. Educational Computer Utilization and Computer Communications (PDF) (报告). St. Louis, MO: Washington University: 13. October 1971 [March 8, 2022]. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Grant No. Y/NGL-26-008-054.
Much of the early development in the time-sharing field took place on university campuses.8 Notable examples are the CTSS (Compatible Time-Sharing System) at MIT, which was the first general purpose time-sharing system...
- ^ IBM 7094 Hardware Modifications for CTSS (RPQs). 麻省理工学院. n.d. [March 29, 2022].
- ^ The IBM 7094 and CTSS Also contains links to many original CTSS documents
- ^ Crisman, P.A. (编). The Compatible Time-Sharing System, A Programmer's Guide (PDF). The M.I.T Computation Center. December 31, 1969 [March 10, 2022].
- ^ Omaggio All.
- ^ Riley, Christopher; Campbell, Dallas. The maths that made Voyager possible. 英國廣播公司新聞. 23 October 2012.
- ^ Morton, Peter. Fire Across the Desert: Woomera and the Anglo-Australian Joint Project 1946-1980. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service. 1989. ISBN 0644475005.
- ^ Morton, Peter. Fire across the Desert : Woomera and the Anglo-Australian Joint Project 1946-1980 (PDF Digitised 2017). Canberra: AGPS Press. 1989. ISBN 0-6481804-0-9.
- ^ Shanks, D.; Wrench Jr., J. W. Calculation of π to 100,000 decimals. Mathematics of Computation (American Mathematical Society). 1962, 16 (77): 76–99. JSTOR 2003813. doi:10.2307/2003813..
- ^ Mercer, R. J. Trace. Aerospace Orbit Determination Program. Defense Technical Information Center. 1964.
- ^ Mathews, T. Jay. Operation Match. The Harvard Crimson. November 3, 1965 [July 22, 2020].
- ^ Roger N. Shepard. Circularity in Judgements of Relative Pitch (PDF). Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. December 1964, 36 (12): 2346–53. Bibcode:1964ASAJ...36.2346S. doi:10.1121/1.1919362.
延伸阅读
- Reference Manual, IBM 7090 Data Processing System (PDF). IBM. March 1962. A22-6528-4.
- Sherman, Philip M. 写于贝尔实验室, Murray Hill, New Jersey, USA. Programming and Coding the IBM 709-7090-7094 Computers (PDF) 1. New York / London / Sydney: 約翰威立. 1963 [2020-06-18]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-06-18）.
外部链接
- IBM Archives - 7090
- IBM 7090 Data Processing System from BRL61 Report
- IBM 7090/94 Architecture page
- IBM 7090 Music From Mathematics recorded in 1960 by Bell Labs, using the "Digital to Sound Transducer" to realize several traditional and original compositions; this album contains the original Daisy (Bicycle Built for Two).
- IBM 7094 singing Daisy (mp3)
- Bob Supnik's SimH project – Includes a simulator for the 7090/7094 in a user-modifiable package
- Dave Pitts' IBM 7090 support – Includes a simulator, cross assembler and linker
- The IBM 7094 and CTSS, Tom Van Vleck
| 紀錄 | ||
|---|---|---|
| 前任者： AN/FSQ-7 |
大型计算机 1960 |
繼任者： UNIVAC LARC |