极端电影
极端电影（英语：extreme cinema）是指电影的一个子类型，其特点是使用过度的性和暴力，以及含有肢解和酷刑等各种极端的性质。近年来，极端电影专注于类型片，主要是恐怖片和剧情片。
接受
21世纪亚洲电影的日益流行为极端电影的发展做出了贡献，尽管极端电影仍被视为以恐怖电影为基础的流派[1]。作为一个相对较新的流派，极端电影备受争议，并且在主流媒体中普遍不被接受[2]。极端电影的目标是特定而小众的观众群体[3]。
历史
极端电影的前史可以追溯到对艺术电影的审查以及20世纪上半叶开始在英语市场上进行的经典剥削电影的广告策略，以及后来对性的自由呈现[4]。
“极端电影”这个名称源自于一系列亚洲电影，其结合了极端暴力、恐怖和令人震惊的情节等引人注意的特征[5]。极端电影可以追溯到“亚洲极端”（Asian Extreme），这个术语用于描述日本和其他亚洲电影的过度特性。早期的亚洲极端电影例子包括1998年《午夜凶铃》和2000年《大逃杀》[6]。
争议
极端电影受到影评人和公众的高度批评和争议。对于这些电影中过度性化的争议使其成为对“主流”社会标准的威胁[7]。
对于现代电影中暴力的使用的增加也受到了批评。自从70年代血腥砍杀电影的出现以来，极端电影的日益流行导致了大众媒体中的随意暴力[8]。一些人批评极端电影让青少年容易接触和无意识地将其作为受众[9]。
著名电影
- 一部塞尔维亚电影[10][11][12] (2010)
- 复仇行动[13] (1974)
- 反基督[14][15] (2009)
- 再婚惊魂记[16] (1999)
- 奥斯威辛[17] (2011)
- 土匪女王[18] (1994)
- 受生[17][14](1990)
- 班尼的录像带[17] (1992)
- 黑色星期五[19] (2004)
- 鲜血盛宴[17] (1963)
- 罗马帝国艳情史未分级版[17] (1979)
- 罗马帝国艳情史……不为人知的故事[20] (1982)
- 人食人实录[21][22][23][24] (1980)
- 厨师、大盗，他的妻子和她的情人[25] (1989)
- 欲望号快车[17][26] (1996)
- 恶魔[17][27] (1971)
- 非普通教欲[16] (2009)
- 死亡真面目[20][14] (1979)
- 大快人心[16][28] (1997)
- 戆徒[29] (2010)
- 仇恨[20] (1994)
- 养鬼吃人[20] (1987)
- 杀手的肖像[30][31] (1986)
- 恐怖旅舍[20] (2005)
- 杰克盖的房子[32] (2018)
- 人体蜈蚣[20] (2009)
- 我唾弃你的坟墓[20] (1978)
- 杀手阿一 (2001)[33][34]
- 白痴[35] (1998)
- 残酷女淫魔[20] (1975)
- 感官世界[36] (1976)
- 不可撤销[20] (2002)
- 欲望与智慧[37] (1996)
- 男孩看见血地狱[38] (2009)
- 疯狂杀手[39][40] (1980)
- 人咬狗[41] (1992)
- 残酷！女刑罚史[41] (1970)
- 极限：残杀炼狱[10][12] (2008)
- 掩蔽门限[42][43][44] (2021)
- 没有女人的国家[45] (2003)
- 疯狂人生[46][47] (1970)
- 神秘肌肤[41] (2004)
- 天生杀人狂[48][49] (1994)
- 困惑的浪漫[41][50] (1987)
- 俄狄浦斯王[41] (1967)
- 原罪犯[28][51] (2003)
- 潘奇[52] (2003)
- 耶稣受难记[53][54] (2004)
- 碎块[55][56] (1982)
- 猪圈[41] (1969)
- 粉红色火烈鸟[41][57] (1972)
- 波基普西录像带[41] (2007)
- 恶夜活死鸡[41] (2006)
- 兰博4[41] (2008)
- 幽灵人种[41] (1985)
- 家灵[58] (2020)
- 梦之安魂曲[41] (2000)
- 复仇女警[59] (2022)
- 哭悲[60] (2021)
- 索多玛一百二十天[22][61] (1975)
- 电锯惊魂[62] (2004)
- 病者：鲍勃·弗拉纳根的生命与死亡，超级性受虐狂[62] (1997)
- 平安夜[62] (1969)
- 惧裂[63] (2024)
- 循环自杀[33] (2001)
- 甜蜜电影[62] (1974)
- 人体雕像[12] (2006)
- 铁男1：金属兽 (1989)[64]
- 性女暴力日记[62] (1973)
- 一条安达鲁狗[62] (1929)
- 一个人和他的猪[62] (1974)
- 死路寻死[62] (2012)
著名导演
- 加斯帕·诺早期（《独自站立》、上文提到的《不可撤销》和《马肉》）[65][66][67][68][69]
- 彼得·杰克逊早期（《坏品位》和《新空房禁地》）[17]
- 约翰·华特斯早期（上文提到的《疯狂人生》和《粉红色火烈鸟》）[70][71][72]
- 韦斯·克拉文早期（1972年《魔屋》和1977年《隔山有眼》）[41][20][73]
- 乌韦·博尔[17]
- 布鲁诺·杜蒙[74]
- 拉斯·冯·提尔[65]
- 三池崇史[12][75]
- 皮埃尔·保罗·帕索里尼[22][76]
- 艾利·罗斯[77][20]
- 园子温[78]
- 赫谢尔·戈登·路易斯[17]
- 吉姆·范·贝伯[41]
- 劳埃德·考夫曼[41][62]
其他
《梦之安魂曲》和《原罪犯》被BBC评为21世纪百大电影[80]。
作为媒体中的其他例子，可以看到在日漫、电视和电子游戏中，因为其性质与极端电影相关或受其启发而呈现出多样化的表现（例如《烙印勇士》[81]、《权力的游戏》[82]、《回复术士的重启人生》[83][84]、2007年《侠盗猎魔2》[85][86]和2018年游戏《恐惧与饥饿》[87]）。
另见
参考资料
- ^ The Most Disturbing Movies of All Time - Complex. [2023-06-05]. （原始内容存档于2023-04-19）.
- ^ Dirks, Tim. “100 Most Controversial Films of All Time.” 100 Most Controversial Films of All Time （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Filmsite, n.d. Web. 9 Feb. 2016.
- ^ gtr.rcuk.ac.uk. [2023-06-05]. （原始内容存档于2017-12-27）.
- ^ Frey, Mattias. Extreme Cinema: The Transgressive Rhetoric of Today's Art Film Culture. Rutgers University Press. 15 March 2016. ISBN 9780813576527 –通过Google Books.
- ^ Lee, Eunah. “Trauma, excess, and the aesthetics of the affect: the extreme cinemas of Chan-Wook Park.” Post Script 2014:33. Literature Resource Center. Web. 7 Feb. 2016.
- ^ 10 great Japanese films of the 21st century. BFI. [2022-07-02]. （原始内容存档于2023-04-22） （英语）.
- ^ Pett, E. “A New Media Landscape? The BBFC, Extreme Cinema As Cult, And Technological Change.” New Review of Film and Television Studies 13.1 (2015): 83-99. Scopus. Web. 9 Feb. 2016
- ^ Sapolsky, Barry S., Fred Moliter, and Sarah Luque. “Sex and Violence in Slasher Films: Re-examining the Assumptions.” J&MC Quarterly 80.1 (2003): 28-38. SAGE Journals. Web. 9 Feb. 2016.
- ^ Sargent, James D., Todd F. Hetherton, M. Bridget Ahrens, Madeline A. Dalton, Jennifer J. Tickle, and Michael L. Beach. “Adolescent Exposure to Extremely Violent Movies.” Journal of Adolescent Health 31.6 (2002): 449-454. JAMES MADISON UNIV's Catalog. Web.
- ^ 10.0 10.1 Extreme Cinema: Top 25 Most Disturbing Films of all time – part3 - HNN. horrornews.net. 23 August 2010 [2023-06-05]. （原始内容存档于2023-06-05）.
- ^ Extreme Cinema. Edinburgh University Press Books. [2023-06-05]. （原始内容存档于2023-04-19）.
- ^ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 The 30 Most Extreme Movies of the 21st Century So Far « Taste of Cinema. [2023-06-05]. （原始内容存档于2023-04-23）.
- ^ Extreme Cinema - Rape Squad - Flickering Myth
- ^ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Extreme Cinema: The 40 Most Disturbing Horror Movies Ever Made - PHASR. [2023-06-05]. （原始内容存档于2023-05-29）.
- ^ (Butcher Block) Chaos Reigns in Visceral Pain in 'Antichrist' - Bloody Disgusting. [2023-06-05]. （原始内容存档于2023-04-24）.
- ^ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Mattias, Frey. Extreme Cinema: The Transgressive Rhetoric of Today's Art Film Culture. [2023-06-05]. （原始内容存档于2018-09-16）.
- ^ 17.00 17.01 17.02 17.03 17.04 17.05 17.06 17.07 17.08 17.09 Extreme Cinema: List of Disturbing Films Compendium A-D - HNN. horrornews.net. 27 July 2019 [2023-06-05]. （原始内容存档于2023-06-05）.
- ^ Bandit Queen (1995)|Roger Ebert. [2023-06-05]. （原始内容存档于2023-07-14）.
- ^ Black Friday is grim yet great|Rediff.com. [2023-06-05]. （原始内容存档于2023-03-14）.
- ^ 20.00 20.01 20.02 20.03 20.04 20.05 20.06 20.07 20.08 20.09 20.10 Extreme Cinema: List of Disturbing Films Compendium E-K. 27 July 2019 [2023-06-05]. （原始内容存档于2023-06-05）.
- ^ Extreme Cinema: Top 25 Most Disturbing Films of all time – part2. 23 August 2010 [2023-06-05]. （原始内容存档于2023-06-05）.
- ^ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Cultivating Extreme Art Cinema. Edinburgh University Press Books. [2023-06-05]. （原始内容存档于2017-12-27）.
- ^ Extreme Cinema - Cannibal Holocaust (1980) - Flickering Myth
- ^ Ruggero Deodato, Director Of The Controversial Horror Film Cannibal Holocaust, Dies At 83|/Film. [2023-06-05]. （原始内容存档于2023-03-21）.
- ^ The Cook, the Thief, His Wife & Her Lover (1989)|Roger Ebert. [2023-06-05]. （原始内容存档于2019-03-21）.
- ^ Extreme Cinema - David Cronenberg's Crash (1996) - Flickering Myth
- ^ (Butcher Block) Ken Russel's Controversial 'The Devils' Is a Holy Trinity of Sex, Violence and Religion - Bloody Disgusting. [2023-06-05]. （原始内容存档于2023-04-24）.
- ^ 28.0 28.1 The 30 Most Extreme Movies of the 21st Century So Far « Taste of Cinema. [2023-06-05]. （原始内容存档于2023-06-05）.
- ^ Gandu - Variety. [2023-06-05]. （原始内容存档于2023-07-15）.
- ^ Extreme Cinema - Henry: Portrait of a Serial Killer - Flickering Myth
- ^ (Butcher Block) The Uncomfortable Realism of 'Henry: Portrait of a Serial Killer' - Bloody Disgusting. [2023-06-05]. （原始内容存档于2023-04-24）.
- ^ Extreme Cinema - The House That Jack Built (2018) - Flickering Myth
- ^ 33.0 33.1 5 Examples Of Extreme Japanese Cinema That Will Freak You Out. Monkey Fighting Robots. July 6, 2016 [2023-06-05]. （原始内容存档于2023-05-29）.
- ^ How Ichi the Killer brought ultra-violence to the mainstream - BBC Culture. [2023-06-05]. （原始内容存档于2023-06-06）.
- ^ Extreme Cinema - The Idiots (1998) - Flickering Myth
- ^ Extreme Asian Horror - Cat III Asian Films. horrornews.net. 26 February 2019 [2023-06-05]. （原始内容存档于2023-04-24）.
- ^ Kama Sutra: A Tale of Love (1997)|Roger Ebert. [2023-06-05]. （原始内容存档于2022-06-04）.
- ^ Extreme cinema: the transgressive rhetoric of today's art film culture 2015021892 ... - EBIN.PUB. [2023-06-05]. （原始内容存档于2023-06-07）.
- ^ Extreme Cinema - Maniac (1980) - Flickering Myth
- ^ (Butcher Block) Tom Savini's Gore Effects of 'Maniac' - Bloody Disgusting. [2023-06-05]. （原始内容存档于2023-04-25）.
- ^ 41.00 41.01 41.02 41.03 41.04 41.05 41.06 41.07 41.08 41.09 41.10 41.11 41.12 41.13 41.14 Extreme Cinema: List of Disturbing Films Compendium L-R. 30 July 2019 [2023-06-05]. （原始内容存档于2023-06-05）.
- ^ Interview with Johannes Grenzfurthner on quepeliverehoy.es; 22 November 2021. [2023-06-05]. （原始内容存档于2022-12-02）.
- ^ "Masking Threshold: A True Macro Exploration of Existential, Ringing Madness" (iHorror); 26 September 2021. [2023-06-05]. （原始内容存档于2023-02-05）.
- ^ "MASKING THRESHOLD: Obsession Takes Hold In This Brutal Horror Film"; review in: Film Inquiry, 26 October 2021. [2023-06-05]. （原始内容存档于2023-06-05）.
- ^ A Nation Without Women (2003) - Moria. [2023-06-05]. （原始内容存档于2023-01-12）.
- ^ Top Gross-Out Moments in John Waters Films - ANTIGRAVITY Magazine. [2023-06-05]. （原始内容存档于2023-04-20）.
- ^ Multiple Maniacs - DVD Talk. [2023-06-05]. （原始内容存档于2023-06-05）.
- ^ EXPLORING THE POPULARITY OF SQUID GAME — WHEN EXTREME GOES MAINSTREAM. [2023-06-05]. （原始内容存档于2023-04-25）.
- ^ Extreme Cinema - Natural Born Killers - Flickering Myth
- ^ Extreme Cinema - Nekromantik - Flickering Myth
- ^ Extreme Cinema|Rutgers University Press. [2023-06-05]. （原始内容存档于2023-06-05）.
- ^ Anurag Kashyap’s Paanch Movie Review: Flash of Brilliance - madaboutmoviez.in. [2023-06-05]. （原始内容存档于2023-01-12）.
- ^ Sanburn, Josh. Top 10 Ridiculously Violent Movies. Time. September 2, 2010 [February 18, 2023]. （原始内容存档于2023-05-30）.
- ^ Ebert, Roger. The Passion of the Christ. Chicago Sun-Times. February 24, 2004 [February 18, 2023]. （原始内容存档于2023-03-14）.
- ^ (Butcher Block) Going to 'Pieces' Over J. Piquer Simon's Gory Slasher - Bloody Disgusting. [2023-06-05]. （原始内容存档于2023-04-08）.
- ^ Extreme Cinema - Pieces (1982) - Flickering Myth
- ^ 10 Midnight Movies That Made History - MovieWeb. [2023-06-05]. （原始内容存档于2023-01-23）.
- ^ What to watch at LFF: New extreme cinema|London Film Festival 2020|BFI. [2023-06-05]. （原始内容存档于2023-04-25）.
- ^ Keerthy Suresh, Selvaraghavan are terrific in this bloody, yet focused revenge drama. [2023-06-05]. （原始内容存档于2022-05-07）.
- ^ 'The Sadness' Review – Gory Virus Movie Goes for the Jugular With Transgressive, Extreme Horror|Bloody Disgusting. [2023-06-05]. （原始内容存档于2023-04-20）.
- ^ Extreme Cinema - Salò, or the 120 Days of Sodom - Flickering Myth
- ^ 62.0 62.1 62.2 62.3 62.4 62.5 62.6 62.7 62.8 Extreme Cinema: List of Disturbing Films Compendium S-Z. August 2019 [2023-06-05]. （原始内容存档于2023-06-05）.
- ^ extreme body horror film prompting mass cinema walkouts around the world|The Independent
- ^ (Butcher Block) Cyberpunk and Body Horror Collide in 'Tetsuo: The Iron Man' - Bloody Disgusting. [2023-06-05]. （原始内容存档于2023-06-28）.
- ^ 65.0 65.1 Against Happiness - Los Angeles Review of Books. 23 September 2015 [2023-06-05]. （原始内容存档于2023-06-05）.
- ^ Extreme Cinema – Gaspar Noé’s Irreversible - Flickering Myth
- ^ Project MUSE - Extreme Cinema. muse.jhu.edu. [2022-07-02]. （原始内容存档于2018-09-16） （英语）.
- ^ Repp, Mark. The 30 Most Extreme Movies of The 21st Century So Far. Taste of Cinema - Movie Reviews and Classic Movie Lists. [2022-07-02]. （原始内容存档于2023-04-23） （美国英语）.
- ^ 10 essential films from the 'Extreme Cinema' genre. faroutmagazine.co.uk. 2021-07-31 [2022-07-02]. （原始内容存档于2023-04-28） （美国英语）.
- ^ Extreme Cinema: The Most Shocking Movies Of All Time - Flickering Myth
- ^ Eaker, Alfred. JOHN WATERS' MULTIPLE MANIACS (1970). 366 Weird Movies. 2015-07-02 [2022-07-02]. （原始内容存档于2023-06-05） （美国英语）.
- ^ John Waters brings back Multiple Maniacs: 'Of course I went a little too far'. The Guardian. 2016-08-03 [2022-07-02]. （原始内容存档于2023-07-05） （英语）.
- ^ admin. Extreme Cinema - The Last House on the Left (1972). Flickering Myth. 2020-05-01 [2022-07-02] （美国英语）.
- ^ The New French Extremity: Bruno Dumont and Gaspar Noé, France's Contemporary Zeitgeist. [2023-06-05]. （原始内容存档于2023-05-18）.
- ^ When Takashi Miike Heard He Could Do 'Anything' For Masters Of Horror, He Put That To The Test|/Film. [2023-06-05]. （原始内容存档于2023-01-13）.
- ^ Sex and Violence: Journey into Extreme Cinema - Offscreen. [2023-06-05]. （原始内容存档于2023-04-19）.
- ^ (Butcher Block) Eli Roth’s Flesh-Eating Viral Frenzy ‘Cabin Fever’ - Bloody Disgusting. [2023-06-05]. （原始内容存档于2023-04-27）.
- ^ The 30 Most Extreme Movies of the 21st Century So Far « Taste of Cinema. [2023-06-05]. （原始内容存档于2023-06-05）.
- ^ Brief Descriptions and Expanded Essays of National Film Registry Titles|Library of Congress. [2023-06-05]. （原始内容存档于2018-01-01）.
- ^ The 21st Century's 100 greatest films - BBC Culture. [2023-06-05]. （原始内容存档于2017-01-31）.
- ^ Kogod, Theo. 10 Best Fight Scenes In Berserk. CBR. 2019-11-16 [2022-06-28]. （原始内容存档于2023-08-11） （美国英语）.
- ^ Game of Thrones as a Gothic Horror in Quality Television - ResearchGate. [2023-06-05]. （原始内容存档于2023-08-11）.
- ^ The Winter 2021 Preview Guide - Redo of Healer. Anime News Network. [2022-06-26]. （原始内容存档于2021-02-09） （英语）.
- ^ Kundu, Tamal. Preview: Redo of Healer Season 1 Episode 6. The Cinemaholic. 2021-02-10 [2022-06-26]. （原始内容存档于2021-08-12） （美国英语）.
- ^ Kills, but few thrills with 'Manhunt 2'. NBC News. [2022-06-26]. （原始内容存档于2023-08-11） （英语）.
- ^ Project Manhunt: Manhunt 2 - Trivia. 2012-11-06 [2022-06-26]. （原始内容存档于2012-11-06）.
- ^ Rage, Dmitry. ОБЗОР ИГРЫ FEAR & HUNGER. ФИНСКИЙ ГРИМДАРК — Игры на DTF. DTF. 2022-03-01 [2022-06-26]. （原始内容存档于2023-06-07）.
来源
- Lee, Eunah. “Trauma, excess, and the aesthetics of the affect: the extreme cinemas of Chan-Wook Park.” Post Script 2014:33. Literature Resource Center. Web. 7 Feb. 2016.
- Review of Film And Television Studies 13.1 (2015): 83-99. Scopus. Web. 7 Feb. 2016
- Totaro, Donato. “Sex and Violence: Journey into Extreme Cinema.” Offscreen7.11 (2003): n. pag. Web.
- King, Mike. The American Cinema of Excess: Extremes Of The National Mind On Film. n.p.: Jefferson, N.C : McFarland, c2009., 2009. JAMES MADISON UNIV's Catalog. Web. 10. Feb. 2016
- Malamuth, Neil. “Media's New Mood: Sexual Violence.” Media's New Mood: Sexual Violence. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Feb. 2016.
- Fyfe, Kristen. “More Violence, More Sex, More Troubled Kids.” Media Research Center. MRC Culture, 11 Jan. 2007. Web. 9 Feb. 2016
- Pett, E. “A New Media Landscape? The BBFC, Extreme Cinema As Cult, And Technological Change.” New Review of Film and Television Studies 13.1 (2015): 83-99. Scopus. Web. 9 Feb. 2016
- Dirks, Tim. “100 Most Controversial Films of All Time.” 100 Most Controversial Films of All Time. Filmsite, n.d. Web. 9 Feb. 2016.
- Sapolsky, Barry S., Fred Moliter, and Sarah Luque. “Sex and Violence in Slasher Films: Re-examining the Assumptions.” J&MC Quarterly 80.1 (2003): 28-38. SAGE Journals. Web. 9 Feb. 2016.
- Sargent, James D., Todd F. Hetherton, M. Bridget Ahrens, Madeline A. Dalton, Jennifer J. Tickle, and Michael L. Beach. “Adolescent Exposure to Extremely Violent Movies.” Journal of Adolescent Health 31.6 (2002): 449-454. JAMES MADISON UNIV's Catalog. Web.
