栗疫病菌

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栗疫病菌
栗疫病菌的感染造成栗树的树皮溃烂
科学分类 编辑
界: 真菌界 Fungi
门: 子囊菌门 Ascomycota
纲: 粪壳菌纲 Sordariomycetes
目: 间座壳目 Diaporthales
科: 隐赤丛壳菌科 Cryphonectriaceae
属: 隐丛赤壳属 Cryphonectria
种:
栗疫病菌 C. parasitica
二名法
Cryphonectria parasitica
(Murrill英语William Alphonso Murrill) M.E.Barr英语M.E.Barr (1978)
异名
  • Diaporthe parasitica Murrill (1906)

栗疫病菌学名Cryphonectria parasitica)又称栗枝枯病菌板栗疫病菌,是子囊菌门粪壳菌纲的一种真菌,为感染栗树等多种树木的植物病原真菌。本种真菌原产于东亚东南亚,20世纪初作为外来种被引入欧洲北美洲[1],在北美洲东部造成数十亿棵栗树(美洲栗英语Castanea dentata美洲矮生栗英语Castanea pumila等)凋萎,导致严重经济损失与社会影响[2][3];欧洲的菌种则因普遍感染真菌病毒CHV-1英语Hypovirus而毒力较低,较不易造成当地栗树(欧洲栗)的死亡,造成破坏程度较少[4][5][6]。除栗树外,栗疫病菌还可感染橡树红花槭英语Acer rubrum鹿角漆树山胡桃树英语Carya ovata温带树种[7]

传播历史

被栗疫病菌感染的栗树

栗疫病菌原产于东亚与东南亚,感染板栗日本栗,这两种栗树在与栗疫病菌多年的共演化之下,已对其具有一定抗性[8]。1904年,栗疫病菌随着日本栗木材的进口而传入北美洲[9][10],迅速在美国东海岸多处造成感染,一位名叫Herman W. Merkel的林务员首先发现纽约布朗克斯动物园的栗树遭到感染。1905年,美国真菌学家威廉·默里尔英语William Murrill分离并发表了本种真菌,将其归入间座壳属,命名为Diaporthe parasitica[11]。至1940年左右,美国大多数栗树都被栗疫病菌感染,约40年内美国逾40亿棵栗树遭到毁灭[12]

1930年代起,麻州等处开始复育栗树的计划[13][14]美国栗树基金会英语The American Chestnut Foundation等组织大规模栽种剩余、对栗疫病菌具抗性的少数栗树,期望将栗树分布恢复到20世纪初的规模[15],并将美洲栗和板栗与日本栗杂交以产生对感染抗性更强的杂交种[16]

感染

栗疫病菌可产生有性的子囊孢子与无性的分生孢子,并随风或藉雨水传播,主要感染组织为树皮内侧与形成层[17],可将树枝与树干的树皮组织杀死,破坏植物的水分与无机盐运输而导致其凋萎。但栗疫病菌一般不感染根部,因此许多栗树上部被感染后根部仍在,但因地上部被反复感染而无法继续生长[18]。栗疫病菌在树皮中形成的菌丝体可越冬,开春时会形成粉孢子器英语Pycnidium子囊壳两种产孢结构,遇雨时前者会释出分生孢子,后者会释出子囊孢子[19][18]。此外孢子也可以风或昆虫、鸟类等动物散播[19][18]

参考文献

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  2. ^ Roane, Martha K.; Griffin, Gary J.; Elkins, John Rush. Chestnut Blight, Other Endothia Diseases, and the Genus Endothia. APS monograph series. APS Press, American Phytopathological Society. 1986: vii+53 [2022-07-02]. ISBN 978-0-89054-073-2. ISSN 1051-1113. S2CID 83360677. CABI ISC 19870615566. AGRIS id US8920239. 
  3. ^ Fisher, Matthew C.; Henk, Daniel. A.; Briggs, Cheryl J.; Brownstein, John S.; Madoff, Lawrence C.; McCraw, Sarah L; Gurr, Sarah J. Emerging fungal threats to animal, plant and ecosystem health. Nature (Nature Research). 2012, 484 (7393): 186–194. Bibcode:2012Natur.484..186F. PMC 3821985可免费查阅. PMID 22498624. doi:10.1038/nature10947. 
  4. ^ A Brief Summary of Chestnut Canker Biocontrol. The American Chestnut Foundation英语The American Chestnut Foundation. 2019-08-12 [2021-03-24]. (原始内容存档于2021-12-05). 
  5. ^ Milgroom MG, Cortesi P. Biological control of chestnut blight with hypovirulence: a critical analysis. Annual Review of Phytopathology英语Annual Review of Phytopathology. 2004, 42: 311–38. PMID 15283669. doi:10.1146/annurev.phyto.42.040803.140325. 
  6. ^ Hypovirulence-Infecting the infection 互联网档案馆存档,存档日期February 27, 2012,.
  7. ^ Chestnut Blight. www.missouribotanicalgarden.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. [2016-11-13]. 
  8. ^ Rigling, Daniel; Prospero, Simone. Cryphonectria parasitica, the causal agent of chestnut blight: invasion history, population biology and disease control. Molecular Plant Pathology. 2018, 19 (1): 7–20. ISSN 1364-3703. PMC 6638123可免费查阅. PMID 28142223. doi:10.1111/mpp.12542 (英语). 
  9. ^ Cryphonectria_parasitica. www.columbia.edu. [9 November 2018]. 
  10. ^ Miller, Amy C.; Woeste, Keith E.; Anagnostakis, Sandra L.; Jacobs, Douglass F. Exploration of a rare population of Chinese chestnut in North America: stand dynamics, health and genetic relationships. AoB Plants. 2014-01-01, 6. PMC 4243075可免费查阅. PMID 25336337. doi:10.1093/aobpla/plu065. 
  11. ^ Rogerson CT, Samuels GJ. Mycology at the New York Botanical Garden, 1985-1995. Brittonia. 1996, 48 (3): 389–98. S2CID 32145426. doi:10.1007/bf02805308. 
  12. ^ The American Chestnut Foundation - Mission & History
  13. ^ Thys, Fred The American Chestnut Returns for WBUR news. July 18, 2008.
  14. ^ American Chestnut - History and Restoration Efforts - Research - Virginia Department of Forestry. www.dof.virginia.gov. [9 November 2018]. (原始内容存档于25 April 2021). 
  15. ^ American Chestnut Restoration Project - USDA Forest Service - Southern Region. [2013-09-11]. (原始内容存档于2012-12-23). 
  16. ^ New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. By A. Huxley ed. 1992. Macmillan ISBN 0-333-47494-5.
  17. ^ Anagnostakis SL (2000) Revitalization of the Majestic Chestnut: Chestnut Blight Disease.
  18. ^ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Forest Pathology - Chestnut Blight. www.forestpathology.org. [2017-12-15]. 
  19. ^ 19.0 19.1 Conolly, N. Barbara. Chestnut Blight: Cryphonectria parasitica (PDF). plantclinic.cornell.edu. December 2007.