丽蝇
丽蝇科![]() | |
---|---|
![]() | |
雌性粗野粉蝇 | |
科学分类 ![]() | |
界: | 动物界 Animalia |
门: | 节肢动物门 Arthropoda |
纲: | 昆虫纲 Insecta |
目: | 双翅目 Diptera |
亚目: | 短角亚目 Brachycera |
下目: | 家蝇下目 Muscomorpha |
总科: | 家蝇总科 Muscoidea |
科: | 丽蝇科 Calliphoridae Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889[1] |
亚科 | |
丽蝇是属于丽蝇科的苍蝇。丽蝇外表一般都呈金属色,长约10-12毫米。
描述
特征
丽蝇成虫的外表有光泽的金属色,一般都是蓝色、绿色或黑色。触角分三节及有芒。整条触角芒都呈羽毛状,第二节的触角上有明显的凹陷位。丽蝇一般都有额缝及腋瓣。
丽蝇的副基节上有刚毛,特别是在侧至前接缝有两条背侧刚毛及最后的肩后刚毛。
胸部背上有连续的接缝。没有后楯板,或是发育不良。有完整的前缘脉及明显的亚前缘脉。
生长
![](http://images.weserv.nl/?url=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Australian_sheep_blowfly.jpg/250px-Australian_sheep_blowfly.jpg)
大部分丽蝇都是吸血生殖。雌蝇在产卵前会吃腐肉以吸取所需要的大量蛋白质,但这仍要更多证实。
丽蝇卵一般都是黄色或白色,约1.5毫米阔及0.4毫米长,产下时像饭团。雌蝇是反复生殖的,每次会产150-200颗卵,一生约产2000颗卵。丽蝇的性别比例一般为1:1,但绯颜裸金蝇及白头裸金蝇则是产雄的或产雌的。
由卵孵化至一龄幼虫阶段只需8小时至1天的时间。幼虫共有三个发育阶段,每个阶段都会脱皮。幼虫会分泌蛋白水解酶来消化家畜或尸体的蛋白质。丽蝇可随环境而改变体温,所以它们生长的速度很受温度的影响。在室温下,伏蝇只需150-266小时(即6-11天)的时间由卵结蛹。当三龄幼虫阶段完成后,幼虫会离开尸体及钻入地下,7-14日后出来就成为了成虫。
食物
丽蝇成虫有时是吃花粉的,会被散发腐肉味的花朵所吸引,如巴婆或死马海芋。丽蝇会消化花蜜为碳水化合物,但并不清楚怎样转换。丽蝇的视觉是触发它从飞行中收缩脚降落的关键。[2]
大部分丽蝇的幼虫都是吃腐肉及粪便的,相信肉中的蛆很大部分都是它们。
分布
丽蝇已知有1100种,其中在新热带界有228种,而大部分的都在非洲及欧洲南部。最普遍的分布在印度、日本、中美洲及美国南部。
丽蝇一般分布在温带及热带,是因这些地方的土壤松散及潮湿,适合幼虫生存及成蛹。
经济重点
授粉
丽蝇是芒果重要的授粉昆虫,农民会以无食用价值或较低食用价值的鱼头等,吸引丽蝇前来产卵,并为其授粉,以增加产量。
丽蝇也是印度枣重要的授粉昆虫之一,农民会以无食用价值或较低食用价值的鱼肉、鱼料等,来吸引丽蝇前来产卵,一般在网室或温室内需要丽蝇的第二代,才具有其授粉效益。
蝇蛆病
由于引致人类及动物蝇蛆病的成因主要是来自狂蝇总科的丽蝇科及麻蝇科物种,故此丽蝇很多成为治疗此病的研究对象。单单铜绿蝇在澳洲每年就造成超过$1亿7千万的经济损失。在人类发生的蝇蛆病主要分类6种:皮肤及皮下、面部、伤口或创伤、胃肠道、阴道及一般的蝇蛆病。蝇蛆病的幼虫一般都是在一龄阶段。现时唯一的治疗方法是清除蛆虫,让病人自行康复。[3]
螺旋蛆
次生锥蝇分解尸体的能力很强,曾是推测死亡时间的主要物种。它们在夏天遍布在美国、美洲热带及加拿大南部。[4]
蛆虫疗法
蛆清创疗法是利用严选、已测试及消毒后的蝇蛆来清理未能愈合的伤口。丝光绿蝇是这套疗法常用的物种。[5]它们会吃掉死去及感染的组织,杀死细菌及引发伤口愈合。这类治疗的问题是一些物种会连同健康的组织也吃掉,但却可以治疗压疮、糖尿病足溃疡伤口、郁血性溃疡及手术后伤口。[6]
疾病
丽蝇是痢疾及其他人类及动物疾病的传播媒介。丽蝇及绿蝇属的幼虫或成虫在吃腐肉时,会吸入尸体上的微生物及分枝杆菌属。[7]牛、猪及鸟类也是从丽蝇中感染了副结核病。[8]
鉴证
![](http://images.weserv.nl/?url=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Caliphrodae_head.jpg/180px-Caliphrodae_head.jpg)
丽蝇可以在1.6公里以外的地方嗅到尸体的气味,故往往是最先与尸体接触的昆虫。雌蝇会在尸体身上产卵,由于幼虫的发育是可以预算的,故丽蝇在鉴证上是重要的工具。传统计算死亡时间在72小时后就变得不可靠。
红头丽蝇及尸蓝蝇都是鉴证学上的重要苍蝇,另外也会使用伏蝇、反吐丽蝇、铜绿蝇、丝光绿蝇、亮绿蝇、红颜金蝇、大头金蝇及次生锥蝇。有传指绿蝇属可以感受到死亡,并随着死亡而出现。[11]
下级分类
本科包括以下属:[12]
- Abago Grunin, 1966
- Adichosina Villeneuve, 1934
- Afrohelicobia Zumpt, 1972
- Albuquerquea Pinto de Melo, 1967
- 阿丽蝇属 Aldrichina Townsend, 1934
- Amenia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830
- Angioneura Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1893
- Anisomyia Walker, 1859
- Apaulina Hall, 1948
- Aphyssura Hardy, 1940
- Arisbaea Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863
- Auchmeromyia Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1891
- Auchmeromyiella Townsend, 1918
- Avihospita Hendel, 1901
- 陪丽蝇属 Bellardia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863
- Bengalia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830
- Bharatomyia Lehrer, 2009
- Biomyioides
- Blepharicnema Macquart, 1843
- Booponus Aldrich, 1923
- Bushrhina Lehrer, 2007
- Caiusa Surcouf, 1919
- 丽蝇属 Calliphora Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830
- Calliphoria
- Callitrogopsis Townsend, 1935
- Callyntropyga Enderlein, 1940
- 扁头蝇属 Catapicephala Macquart, 1851
- Ceylonomyia Fan, 1965
- Chaetocynomyia Enderlein, 1933
- Chlorobrachycoma Townsend, 1918
- Chloroprocta Wulp, 1896
- Choeromyia Roubaud, 1911
- Chopardia Surcouf, 1919
- Chopardimyia
- Chrysomya Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830
- Chrysomyia
- Chrysopyrellia Séguy, 1927
- Cochiliomyia
- Cochliomyia Townsend, 1915
- Coganomyia Dear, 1977
- Compsomyia Rondani, 1875
- Compsomyiops Townsend, 1918
- Cordylobia Gruenberg, 1903
- Cretaphormia McAlpine, 1970
- Curranitopia Zumpt, 1961
- Cyanus Hall, 1948
- 蓝蝇属 Cynomya Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830
- 拟蓝蝇属 Cynomyiomima Rohdendorf, 1924
- Cynophaga Lioy, 1864
- Decaryella Séguy, 1926
- Denatella
- Dexopollenia Townsend, 1917
- Dobrogiella Lehrer & Oprisan, 2013
- Dyscritomyia Grimshaw, 1901
- Eggisops Rondani, 1862
- Elephantolaemus
- Elephantoloemus Austen, 1930
- Epiplastocerus Silvestri, 1920
- Episthetosoma Hollande, Cachon & Vaillant, 1952
- Ethiochoa Lehrer, 2008
- Eucalliphora Townsend, 1908
- Eucompsomyia Malloch, 1927
- Eumesembrinella Townsend, 1931
- Euphumosia Malloch, 1926
- Eurychaeta Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1891
- Formosiomima Enderlein, 1936
- Gerschia Lehrer, 1970
- Ghanacyclea Lehrer, 2013
- Giovanella Bonatto & Marinoni, 2005
- Glutoxys Aldrich, 1929
- Gulmargia Rognes, 1993
- 裸变丽蝇属 Gymnadichosia Villeneuve, 1927
- Habeshomyia Lehrer, 2010
- Hemichrysomyia Séguy, 1925
- Hemigymnochaeta Corti, 1895
- Hemilucilia Brauer, 1895
- 带绿蝇属 Hemipyrellia Townsend, 1918
- Henriquella Bonatto & Marinoni, 2005
- Huascaromusca Townsend, 1918
- 巨尾蝇属 Hypopygiopsis Townsend, 1916
- 等彩蝇属 Isomyia Walker, 1859
- Kenia Malloch, 1927
- Keniella Malloch, 1929
- Kerichophalla Lehrer, 2009
- Kilimophalla Lehrer, 2010
- Klinzigia Lehrer, 1970
- Kuschelomyia De Souza Lopes, 1961
- Laneella Mello, 1967
- Liostiria Enderlein, 1936
- Lispoparea Aldrich, 1930
- Lomwerhina Lehrer, 2007
- 绿蝇属 Lucilia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830
- Mafikengia
- Mallochomyia Townsend, 1926
- Megaloprepes Bigot, 1859
- Melanocephala
- Melanodexia Williston, 1893
- Melanomya Rondani, 1856
- 蜗蝇属 Melinda Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830
- Melindopsis Kurahashi, 1964
- Microcalliphora Townsend, 1916
- Mindanosia Lehrer, 2011
- Mongoliopsis Lehrer, 1970
- Morinia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830
- Mufetia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830
- Mufetiella Villeneuve, 1933
- Mya
- Myiolucilia Hall, 1948
- Neoamenia Malloch, 1930
- Neocordylobia Villeneuve, 1929
- Neomelinda Pic, 1928
- Nepalonesia
- Nepenthomyia Kurahashi & Beaver, 1979
- Nesodexia Villeneuve, 1911
- Neta Shannon, 1926
- Nitellia
- Noviculicauda Fan, 1997
- Obscuria Malloch, 1925
- Oceanocalliphora Kurahashi, 1972
- Ochracea
- Ochromelinda Villeneuve, 1915
- Ochromyia Macquart, 1835
- Ocrisia Séguy, 1935
- 蚓蝇属 Onesia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830
- Onesihoplisa Villeneuve, 1926
- Onesioides Schumann, 1974
- 拟蚓蝇属 Onesiomima Rodendorf, 1962
- Onesohoplisa
- Opelodexia Reinhard, 1945
- Opelousia Townsend, 1919
- Opsodexia Townsend, 1915
- Orneocalliphora Peus, 1960
- Pachychoeromyia Villeneuve, 1920
- Parachromyia
- Paracompsomyia Hough, 1898
- 变丽蝇属 Paradichosia Senior-White, 1923
- Paraethiopisca Zumpt, 1972
- Paralucilia Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1891
- Paramenia Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1890
- Paraphumosia Séguy, 1926
- Paraplastocerus Hollande, Cachon & Vaillant, 1952
- Paraplatytropesa Crosskey, 1965
- Parapyrellia Townsend, 1915
- Paratricyclea Villeneuve, 1913
- Parochromyia Hough, 1898
- Paurothrix Bezzi, 1927
- Pavlovskiomyia Grunin, 1948
- Pericallimyia Villeneuve, 1915
- Phamosia
- Phormia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830
- Phormiata Grunin, 1971
- Phumolucilia Malloch, 1929
- Phumonesia Villeneuve, 1914
- Phumosia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830
- Plastocerontus Silvestri, 1920
- Platytropesa Macquart, 1851
- Plinthomyia Rondani, 1875
- Poeciphalloides Zumpt, 1972
- 粉蝇属 Pollenia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830
- Polleniella
- 拟粉蝇属 Polleniopsis Townsend, 1917
- Pollenoides Matsumura, 1916
- 粉腹丽蝇属 Pollenomyia Séguy, 1925
- Pollinia
- Prosthetochaeta Grimshaw, 1901
- Prosthetosoma Silvestri, 1920
- Protocalliphora Hough, 1899
- 原伏蝇属 Protophormia Townsend, 1908
- Pseudopsodexia Townsend, 1935
- Pseudormia Séguy, 1926
- Ptilonesia Bezzi, 1927
- Ptylostylum Macquart, 1851
- Rhynchoestrus Séguy, 1926
- Rohdendorfia Townsend, 1934
- Rohdendorfina Townsend, 1935
- Roraimomusca Townsend, 1935
- Sarconesia Bigot, 1857
- Sarconesiomima Lopes & Albuquerque, 1955
- Sarconesiopsis Townsend, 1918
- Shakaniella Lehrer, 2005
- 闪迷蝇属 Silbomyia Macquart, 1843
- Sindhigalia Lehrer, 2006
- Sisyhelicobia Zumpt, 1972
- Somalia Hough, 1898
- Somomya Rondani, 1861
- Spinthemyia Bigot, 1859
- Stasisia Surcouf, 1914
- Stilbomyella Malloch, 1935
- Stilbomyia Agassiz, 1846
- Stomorhina Rondani, 1861
- 台南蝇属 Tainanina Villeneuve, 1926
- Termitocalliphora Bauristhene, 1964
- Termitoloemus Baranov, 1936
- Tetraplastocerus Silvestri, 1920
- Thairhina Lehrer, 2007
- Theria Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830
- Toxotarsus Macquart, 1851
- 叉丽蝇属 Triceratopyga Rohdendorf, 1931
- Tricycleala Villeneuve, 1937
- 鬃腹丽蝇属 Tricycleopsis Villeneuve, 1927
- Tricyclodes Curran, 1927
- Trixoneura Shannon, 1926
- Trongia Townsend, 1916
- Trypocalliphora Peus, 1960
- Vanemdenia Peris, 1951
- Verticia Malloch, 1927
- Viridinsula Shannon, 1926
- Wilhelmina Villeneuve, 1932
- Xenocalliphora Malloch, 1924
- Xerophilophaga Enderlein, 1933
- Zernyiella Zumpt, 1956
- Zonochroa Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1891
参考
- ^ Brauer, F.; Bergenstamm, J. E. von. Die Zweiflugler des Kaiserlichen Museums zu Wien. IV. Vorarbeiten zu einer Monographie der Muscaria Schizometopa (exclusive Anthomyidae).Pars I. Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. 1889, 56 (1): 69–180 [25 November 2014]. (原始内容存档于2018-10-12).
- ^ Goodman, L.J. The Landing Responses of Insects (PDF). The Journal of Experimental Biology. 1960 [2008-03-18]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2008-12-17).
- ^ Yazdi , Ismail. Oral mucosa myiasis caused by Oestrus Ovis. Archives of Iranian Medicine. Academy of Medical Science, I.R. Iran. 2008-04-17 [2008-09-12]. (原始内容存档于2008-08-04).
- ^ Byrd, Jason H. Secondary Screwworms. Featured Creatures. Jan 1998 1-2 [2008-03-28]. (原始内容存档于2008-03-10).
- ^ Monaghan, Peter Rx:Maggots, Notes from Academe, The Chronicle of Higher Education, June 1, 2007 (Vol. LIII, No. 39), p. A48.
- ^ Sherman, R. Maggot Therapy Project. Maggot Therapy. Sep 2006 [2008-03-28]. (原始内容存档于2008-04-01).
- ^ EBSCOhost. 01 Apr 2008 <http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=4&hid=101&sid=9f2ac9da-b845-45ff-a28e-4ed97191a42b%40sessionmgr107 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)>.
- ^ EBSCOhost. 04Apr 2008 <http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=4&hid=3&sid=9f2ac9da-b845-45ff-a28e-4ed97191a42b%40sessionmgr107 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)>.
- ^ EBSCOhost. 02 Apr 2008 <http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=15&hid=22&sid=9f2ac9da-b845-45ff-a28e-4ed97191a42b%40sessionmgr107 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)>.
- ^ Olsen, Alan R. Regulatory Action Criteria for Filth and Other Extraneous Materials 1 III. Review of Flies and Foodborne Enteric Disease. Science Direct Volume. 1998, 28 (23): 199–211 [2008-04-01]. (原始内容存档于2008-04-22).
- ^ Brundage, Adrienne. Calliphoridae. Texas A&M University, College Station. 8 Feb 2008.
- ^ https://www.gbif.org/species/3335. GBIF. [2022-08-04]. (原始内容存档于2022-11-15). 外部链接存在于
|title=
(帮助)
外部链接
- Calliphoridae Taxonomy Central
- Field Guide pdf Free downloadPDF
- Image Gallery(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Examples of maggot therapy(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- secondary screwworm on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site