假种皮
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假种皮(aril, arillus),亦作临时种皮、种衣,是一种附著于种子表面,将种子外侧覆盖起来的构造。相较于种皮为珠被发育而成,假种皮常由珠柄(胚珠与子房相连的构造,又称胎座)发育而成,也可能来自胚珠的其他部分(如珠孔),后者有时亦被称为拟假种皮(arillode, false aril)[1][2]。假种皮通常如果肉般颜色鲜艳且肉质可食[3],可吸引动物取食以协助传播种子[4],如龙眼、荔枝、榴莲[5][6]与阿开木等可食用部份就是假种皮。
此外,裸子植物的胚珠没有子房保护,通常不会形成果实,种子裸露[7]。有些裸子植物的种子外部会包覆一层肉质物,外观上形似果实,那纯粹是由其假种皮发育而来,属于假果,如红豆杉、核果杉与纽西兰鸡毛松等裸子植物的种子皆属之。
实例
欧洲的东北红豆杉的种子是假种皮的典型例子,其种子红色膨大的构造即为假种皮,假种皮初时为种子基部的绿色构造,随著种子的发育渐转为棕色或红色,并包覆整个种子,左图成熟的红色种子两旁是未成熟的种子。纽西兰鸡毛松为纽西兰的原生植物,其假种皮发育成的果实称为koroi,曾为毛利人的食物来源[8][9]。
参见
参考资料
- ^ Beentje, H.; Williamson, J., The Kew Plant Glossary: an Illustrated Dictionary of Plant Terms, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: Kew Publishing, 2010
- ^ Robert Bentley. A Manual of Botany: Including the Structure, Classification, Properties, Uses, and Functions of Plants. J. & A. Churchill. 1882: 329 [2019-05-04]. (原始内容存档于2021-05-20).
- ^ Eduard Strasburger, Heinrich Schenck, Ludwig Jost, George Karsten. A text-book of botany. Macmillan. 1912: 517 [2019-05-04]. (原始内容存档于2021-05-20).
- ^ Marshall, C. Fruit and Seed Production. 1992-04-30. ISBN 9780521373500.
- ^ Brown, Michael J. Durio – A Bibliographic Review (PDF). International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI). 1997: 35 [2011-06-12]. ISBN 978-92-9043-318-7. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-07-13).
- ^ 郭华仁. 種子學. 国立台湾大学出版中心. 2015: 13. ISBN 9863501131.
- ^ 裸子植物. 特有生物研究保育中心. [2022-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2020-07-17).
- ^ Dacrycarpus dacrydioides (kahikatea) description. conifers.org. 2011 [10 September 2011]. (原始内容存档于2019-05-02).
'The small fruit (koroi) are superabundant and highly nutritious. The birds ate them and flocked for miles to do so.
- ^ Kahikatea, Dacrycarpus. web.auckland.ac.nz. 2011 [10 September 2011]. (原始内容存档于2012-01-12).
The juicy, swollen, red stalk which holds the seed is known as koroi.
- ^ Dahlgren, R. And R. F. Thorne. The order Myrtales: circumscription, variation, and relationships. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 1984, 71: 633–699 [2019-05-04]. doi:10.2307/2399158. (原始内容存档于2018-10-12).
- ^ Jules Janick, Robert E. Paull. The Encyclopedia of Fruit and Nuts. CABI. 2008: 138 [2019-05-04]. ISBN 0851996388. (原始内容存档于2021-05-20).
- ^ Teri Dunn Chace, Robert Llewellyn. Seeing Seeds: A Journey into the World of Seedheads, Pods, and Fruit. Timber Press. 2015: 25 [2019-05-04]. ISBN 160469713X. (原始内容存档于2021-05-20).