操演性
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操演性(英语:Performativity),或译作表演性、展演性,是指语言作为社会行为形式发挥作用、产生效果的术语。[1] 操演性,在人类学、社会地理学、文化地理学、经济学、性别研究、法学、语言学、戏剧理论、表演研究、历史、管理学和哲学等不同领域有多种应用与定义。
术语,来自语言哲学家约翰·奥斯丁的言语行为理论。奥斯丁提到了一种特别的能力:通过言语和交流,来采取行动,或达成某项行动。奥斯丁将其与陈述叙说(英语:constative utterance)区分开来,称为操演叙说(英语:performative utterance)。奥斯丁定义陈述叙说为可以“评估为真或假”的语句。而操演叙说[注 1]的常见例子,有:承诺、打赌、举行婚礼、示威者宣布罢工、或法官宣布裁决。 [1]
受奥斯汀影响,性别研究哲学家朱迪思·巴特勒认为,性别是通过日常的言语行为和非语言行为在社会上构建的,有助于定义和维持身份。[2] 这种性别操演性的观点颠覆了身份是言语、手势等次生行为的原因。相反,性别操演性将行动、行为和手势也视为是形成个人身份的原因,而不只是结果,而个人身份在不断通过言语行为和象征性交流中得到重新定义。[1] 巴特勒的此观点也受到了傅柯、阿图塞等哲学家的影响。[3]
参考
注
- ^ 或翻作“践行叙说”、“展演叙说”等
注脚
- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Cavanaugh, Jillian R. Performativity. Anthropology. 10 March 2015 [10 October 2017]. doi:10.1093/OBO/9780199766567-0114. (原始内容存档于2023-03-21).
- ^ Butler, Judith. Gender Trouble. New York: Routledge. 1990.
- ^ Cultural Studies and Discourse Analysis – Barker & Galasinski
延伸阅读
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