沙丘战役
沙丘战役 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
法西战争 (1635年-1659年)的一部分 | |||||||
《沙丘战役》,夏尔-菲利普·拉里维埃绘 | |||||||
| |||||||
参战方 | |||||||
法国 英格兰共和国 |
西班牙帝国 英格兰保王党 | ||||||
指挥官与领导者 | |||||||
蒂雷纳子爵 弗朗索瓦·克雷基 威廉·洛克哈特[3] |
奥地利的约翰 大孔代 路易斯·卡拉塞纳 | ||||||
兵力 | |||||||
14,000–15,000人[4][a][5] (含3,000名英军) |
14,000–15,000人[6][b][7] (含2,000名英军) | ||||||
伤亡与损失 | |||||||
400人伤亡[8] |
1,000–1,200人死亡 3,000人受伤[9] 5,000人被俘[10][8][11] |
沙丘战役(法语:Bataille des Dunes,西班牙语:Batalla de las Dunas)发生于1658年6月14日,是法西战争中的一场决定性战役。此战发生于西属尼德兰的战略港口敦刻尔克附近,蒂雷纳子爵率领的法军当时正在围攻敦克尔克,奥地利的约翰和大孔代指挥的西班牙军队尝试解围,但遭到了惨败。
在这场胜利后,法兰西王国与西班牙于1659年11月在经过谈判后签订庇里牛斯条约,法国取代西班牙帝国成为欧洲霸主。
注释
- ^ 双方骑兵和步兵的兵力来源差异很大,普遍认为双方都在15,000人左右。各史家给出的人数如下:
- 6,000名骑兵,9,000名步兵(Fortescue 1899,第271页);
- 9,000名骑兵,6,000名步兵(Davis 2001,第221页);
- 9,000名骑兵,6,000名步兵(Hamilton 1874,第24页);
- 6,000名骑兵,8,000名步兵(Longueville 1907,第261页);
- 5,000-6,000名骑兵以58个中队组成,9,000名步兵以18个中队组成(Ramsay 1735,第184页);
- 6,000名骑兵,9,000名步兵(Hozier 1885,第132页);
- 4,000名骑兵,6,000名步兵(Manganiello 2004,第170页);
- 5,000-6,000名骑兵以58个中队组成,9,000名步兵以18个中队组成(Cust 1867,第85页);
- 6,000名骑兵,8,000名步兵(Waylen 1880,第204页).
- ^ Spanish et al strength:
- 8,000名骑兵,6,000名步兵(Longueville 1907,第261页);
- 5,000名骑兵,10,000名步兵(Davis 2001,第221页);
- 8,000名骑兵,6,000名步兵以15个中队组成(Ramsay 1735,第499–500页);
- 8,000名骑兵,6,000名步兵(Hozier 1885,第131页);
- 3,000名骑兵,12,000名步兵(Manganiello 2004,第171页) and;
- 9,000-10,000名骑兵,5,000名步兵(Cust 1867,第85页)
- 孔代4,000名骑兵在左翼(Waylen 1880,第205页).
注脚
- ^ Sandler 2002,第247页.
- ^ Lopez 2012,第32–33页.
- ^ De Périni & 1896 227.
- ^ Fortescue 1899,第271页.
- ^ Fortescue 1899,第271页Hozier 1885,第132页
- ^ Fortescue 1899,第270页.
- ^ Fortescue 1899,第270页 also,Hozier 1885,第131页.
- ^ 8.0 8.1 Davis 2001,第225页.
- ^ Clodfelter 2017,第42页.
- ^ Grant 2010,第358页.
- ^ Tucker 2010,第213页.
参考文献
- De Périni, Hardÿ. Batailles françaises, Volume IV. Ernest Flammarion, Paris. 1896: 227.</ref>
- Clodfelter, Micheal, Warfare and Armed Conflict: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015, 2017
- Anderson, Bruce, The British admire their Army but they don't understand it, The Independent, 20 July 2009: 25 [2022-07-30], (原始内容存档于2012-05-30)
- Asquith, Stuart, New Model Army 1645–60, Osprey Publishing: 31, 1981, ISBN 978-0-85045-385-0
- Great Rebellion s.v. 4. Battle of Edgehill. Chisholm, Hugh (编). Encyclopædia Britannica 12 (第11版). London: Cambridge University Press: 404. 1911. Atkinson, Charles Francis.
- Baker, Richard; Phillips, Edward, A Chronicle of the Kings of England ..., Samuel Ballard; et al: 562, 1733
- Birch, Thomas (编), State Papers, 1656: September (2 of 7), A collection of the State Papers of John Thurloe, (volume 5: May 1656 – January 1657) 5, British History Online: 384–399, 1742 [2022-07-30], (原始内容存档于2014-08-29)
- Capp, B.S., Cromwell's navy: the fleet and the English Revolution, 1648–1660, Oxford University Press, US, 1989, ISBN 978-0198201151
- Turenne, Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, Vicomte de. Encyclopædia Britannica 27 (第11版). London: Cambridge University Press: 414. 1911. Chisholm, Hugh (编).
- Cust, Edward, Sir, Lives of the Warriors of the Civil Wars of France and England, London: John Murray, 1867
- Davis, Paul K., 100 Decisive Battles: From Ancient Times to the Present, Oxford University Press US: 222–225, 2001, ISBN 978-0-19-514366-9
- Firth, C.H., The army or the Commonwealth and Protectorate-II, Notes and queries, eighth series 5, John C Francies: 161–162, January–June 1894
- Firth, C.H., The last years of the Protectorate 2, London, New York: Longmans, Green: 192–199, 1909
- Fortescue, John William, Sir, A history of the British army, Volume 1, London: Macmillan and Co. Ltd., 1899
- Grant, R G, Battle at Sea: 3000 years of naval warfare, Dorling Kindersley: 131, 2010, ISBN 978-1405335058
- Hamilton, Sir Frederick William, The Origin and History of the First or Grenadier Guards I, London: John Murray, 1874
- Hozier, Sir Henry Montague, Turenne, London: Chapman & Hall, 1885
- EKBGD staff, Origins, East Kent Branch of the Grenadier Guards Association, [20 October 2019], (原始内容存档于2020-10-29)
- Longueville, Thomas, Marshall Turenne, London: Longmans, Green, & Co.: 252–267, 1907
- Lopez, Ignacio, The Spanish Tercios 1536–1704, Osprey Publishing: 32–33, 2012, ISBN 978-1-78096-873-5
- Manganiello, Stephen C., Dunes, The, The Concise Encyclopedia of the Revolutions and Wars of England, Scotland 1639–1660, Scarecrow Press: 170, 171, 2004, ISBN 978-0-8108-5100-9
- Maland, David M.A., Europe in the Seventeenth Century Second, Macmillan: 227, 1991, ISBN 978-0-333-33574-1
- Niderost, Eric, English Civil War: Battle of Edgehill, Military History Magazine, October 1993 [20 October 2019], (原始内容存档于2016-06-10)
- Ramsay, Andrew Michael, The history of Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, Viscount de Turenne, Marshal of France II, London: 184, 499–500, 1735. (This volume includes Memoirs of the Duke of York: First of the Civil Wars in France)
- Rodger, N.A.M., The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History Of Britain, 1649–1815, Volume 2, London: W.W. Norton & Company: 28–29, 2004, ISBN 978-0-393-06050-8
- Sandler, Stanley, Ground Warfare: H–Q, ABC-CLIO: 247, 2002, ISBN 978-1-57607-344-5
- Tucker, Spencer C., Battles That Changed History: An Encyclopedia of World Conflict, Santa Barbara: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2010, ISBN 978-1-59884-429-0
- Waylen, James, The house of Cromwell and the story of Dunkirk, London: Chapman and Hall, Ltd.: 198, 1880