王蛇属
王蛇属![]() 化石时期:[1]
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灰带王蛇 (Lampropeltis alterna) | |
科学分类 ![]() | |
界: | 动物界 Animalia |
门: | 脊索动物门 Chordata |
纲: | 爬行纲 Reptilia |
目: | 有鳞目 Squamata |
亚目: | 蛇亚目 Serpentes |
科: | 游蛇科 Colubridae |
亚科: | 黄颔蛇亚科 Colubrinae |
属: | 王蛇属 Lampropeltis Fitzinger, 1843 |
王蛇属(学名:Lampropeltis)是蛇亚目游蛇科下的一个无毒蛇属,属下的蛇类通称王蛇(Kingsnake),或称皇帝蛇,当中包括著名的牛奶蛇。王蛇属的学名“Lampropeltis”源自希腊语“λαμπρος”,意指“闪亮的鳞甲”,形容王蛇属蛇类色彩华丽的背鳞。
特征
王蛇属蛇类一般有著丰富多变的斑纹。它们日常以缠压方式来杀死猎物,而主要捕食的对象则有其他蛇类、蜥蜴及鼠类,也会进食动物的蛋。它们能抵抗其他蛇类所分泌的毒素,更有捕食响尾蛇的能力。由于王蛇于众多蛇类中,拥有能杀死较多其他种类的蛇类的能力,因此才被冠以“王”或“皇帝”的美誉。另一方面,王蛇也是常见的宠物蛇之一。
一些王蛇(例如猩红王蛇)身体颜色及花纹异常斑斓,足以令人误以为它们是毒蛇(例如珊瑚蛇)。因此在某些地区中,流传著一系列的顺口溜,如“红与黄,杀人悍;红与黑,不必畏(Red and yellow, kill a fellow; red and black, friendly jack 或 venom lack)”,人们诵习这些句子,便能分辨毒蛇(珊瑚蛇)与非毒蛇(王蛇)。然而这些鉴证方法,只适用于北美洲一带的珊瑚蛇。
分类
目前关于王蛇属的分类法尚处于讨论状态。一些混种王蛇的出现,导致各物种的确切地理分布情况不能得到清晰描述,亦令许多生物学家及分类学家相当头痛。
饲育
王蛇性情温驯,生活要求较低,容易照料,是一种常见的宠物蛇。喂饲王蛇只须使用适当大小的鼠类便可,即使是活生生的、已杀死的,甚至经冷藏处理的鼠类,王蛇均能接受(然而建议以冷藏鼠类喂饲,以免活鼠在挣扎时倒过来咬伤王蛇)。王蛇是有趣而温良的蛇类,较少发动咬击,亦接受被饲养者徒手把玩。据饲养者观察,王蛇更会被电视机所显示的光所吸引。 虽然王蛇有皇帝的美誉之称,不过也有误食"自己"的时候,例如曾发生有一条王蛇(Kingsnake),并不是过于饥饿的缘故,是因猎食完之后很兴奋,将自己的尾巴当成食物,竟然毫无警觉的张口把它的蛇尾往肚子里吞,由于蛇牙咬合作用使得蛇尾无法摆脱,形成有趣的自食现象,还好其饲主发现送医解救脱困。 [2][3]
物种和亚种
![](http://images.weserv.nl/?url=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Lampropeltis_calligaster_rhombomaculata.jpg/220px-Lampropeltis_calligaster_rhombomaculata.jpg)
![](http://images.weserv.nl/?url=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Lampropeltis_getula_getula.jpg/220px-Lampropeltis_getula_getula.jpg)
王蛇的种类和亚种包括:[4]
- Guatemalan milk snake Lampropeltis abnorma Marie Firmin Bocourt, 1886)
- Gray-banded kingsnake Lampropeltis alterna (A. E. Brown, 1901)
- Mexican milk snake Lampropeltis annulata Kennicott, 1860
- 加州王蛇 Lampropeltis californiae Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville, 1835)[5]
- Prairie kingsnake Lampropeltis calligaster Richard Harlan, 1827)
- Prairie kingsnake L. c. calligaster (Harlan, 1827)
- South Florida mole kingsnake L. c. occipitolineata Price, 1987
- Mole kingsnake Lampropeltis calligaster rhombomaculata (John Edwards Holbrook, 1840)
- Santa Catalina Island kingsnake Lampropeltis catalinensis (John Van Denburgh & Joseph Richard Slevin, 1921)
- Scarlet kingsnake 或 scarlet milk snake Lampropeltis elapsoides (Holbrook, 1838)
- 短尾蛇 Lampropeltis extenuata (Brown, 1890)
- Central Plains milk snake Lampropeltis gentilis (斯宾塞·富勒顿·贝尔德 & 查尔斯·弗雷德里克·吉拉德, 1853)
- Common kingsnake Lampropeltis getula (卡尔·林奈, 1766)
- Brooks' kingsnake Lampropeltis getula brooksi Thomas Barbour, 1919
- Florida kingsnake L. g. floridana (Frank N. Blanchard, 1919)
- Eastern kingsnake Lampropeltis getula (Linnaeus, 1766)
- L. g. getula (Linnaeus, 1766)
- 阿巴拉契科拉王蛇 Lampropeltis getula meansi Kenney Krysko & Walter S. Judd, 2006
- Lampropeltis getula getula [5]
- Lampropeltis getula floridana [5]
- Lampropeltis getula meansi [5]
- 墨西哥黑王蛇 Lampropeltis getula nigrita Richard G. Zweifel & Kenneth S. Norris, 1955[5]
- Greer's kingsnake Lampropeltis greeri (Webb, 1961)
- Speckled kingsnake Lampropeltis holbrooki Leonhard Hess Stejneger, 1902
- Madrean mountain kingsnake Lampropeltis knoblochi Edward Harrison Taylor, 1940
- Nuevo León kingsnake Lampropeltis leonis (阿尔伯特·甘瑟, 1893)
- 墨西哥王蛇 Lampropeltis mexicana (Samuel Garman, 1884)
- 墨西哥王蛇指名亚种 Lampropeltis mexicana mexicana (Garman, 1884)
- Ecuadorian milk snake Lampropeltis micropholis Cope, 1860
- Black kingsnake Lampropeltis nigra (H. C. Yarrow, 1882)[5]
- Central American milk snake Lampropeltis polyzona Cope, 1860
- Arizona mountain kingsnake Lampropeltis pyromelana (爱德华·德林克·科普, 1866)
- Utah mountain kingsnake L. p. infralabialis Wilmer W. Tanner, 1953
- 亚利桑那山王蛇 L. p. pyromelana (Cope, 1866)
- Ruthven's kingsnake Lampropeltis ruthveni (Blanchard, 1920)
- Desert kingsnake Lampropeltis splendida (Baird & Girard, 1853)
- Eastern milk snake Lampropeltis triangulum (贝尔纳·热尔曼·德·拉塞佩德, 1789)
- Lampropeltis splendida [5]
- Lampropeltis webbi Bryson, James R. Dixon & Lazcano, 2005
- 加州山王蛇 Lampropeltis zonata (William Neale Lockington, 1876 ex Blainville, 1835)
- San Pedro kingsnake, L. z. agalma (Van Denburgh & Slevin, 1923)
- Todos Santos Island kingsnake, L. z. herrerae (Van Denburgh & Slevin, 1923)
- Sierra Nevada mountain kingsnake L. z. multicincta (Yarrow, 1882)
- Coast Ranges mountain kingsnake, L. z. multifasciata (Bocourt, 1886)
- San Bernardino mountain kingsnake, L. z. parvirubra Zweifel, 1952
- San Diego mountain kingsnake L. z. pulchra Zweifel, 1952
- Saint Helena mountain kingsnake, L. z. zonata (Lockington, 1876 ex Blainville, 1835)
short-tailed snake (Stilosoma extenuatum) (Brown, 1890) 是否属于王蛇属尚有争议[6]。
外部链接
- Desert USA: Common Kingsnake (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Common Kingsnake - Lampropeltis getula (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Species account from the Iowa Reptile and Amphibian Field Guide
- Kingsnake eating a garter snake (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
参考文献
- ^ Lampropeltis Fitzinger 1843. [2018-12-02]. (原始内容存档于2018-12-02).
- ^ Snake chokes on its own tail. Telegraph.com.uk. 2009-12-01 [2009-12-03]. (原始内容存档于2009-12-03).
- ^ 動物趣聞/「貪食蛇」誤吃自己尾巴. NOWnews. 2009-12-03 [2009-12-03]. (原始内容存档于2009-12-05).
- ^ 爬行动物数据库中Lampropeltis的数据
- ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 Kenneth L. Krysko, Leroy P. Nuñez, Catherine E. Newman and Brian W. Bowen. 2017. Phylogenetics of Kingsnakes, Lampropeltis getula Complex (Serpentes: Colubridae), in Eastern North America. Journal of Heredity [J Hered]. DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esw086
- ^ Pyron, R. Alexander; Frank T. Burbrink. (2009). "Neogene diversification and taxonomic stability in the snake tribe Lampropeltini (Serpentes: Colubridae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 52(#2):524-529.
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