姬蛙科
姬蛙科 | |
---|---|
東部狹口蛙 | |
科學分類 | |
界: | 動物界 Animalia |
門: | 脊索動物門 Chordata |
綱: | 兩棲綱 Amphibia |
目: | 無尾目 Anura |
亞目: | 新蛙亞目 Neobatrachia |
科: | 姬蛙科 Microhylidae 甘瑟,1858 |
亞科 | |
星蛙亞科 Asterophryinae | |
黑色部分為姬蛙科動物的分佈地區Distribution of Microhylidae (in black) |
姬蛙科(Microhylidae),是無尾目中地理分佈最廣的一個科,一共有9個亞科,69個屬和413種,也是所有蛙家族中屬數目最多的一個科。
描述
顧名思義,姬蛙大都體型嬌小。雖然有些種類的姬蛙身長會達到9公分(3.5英寸),但多數身長少於1.5公分(0.59英寸)。[1]有些姬蛙樹棲,有些則陸棲,更有一些可以近水生活。在雨林中的亂葉下可以找到陸棲的姬蛙,它們偶然在夜晚冒險出外覓食。姬蛙通常有兩種形態,一種是狹口體寬,另一種與普通青蛙形態一樣勻稱。那些嘴巴狹窄的通常以白蟻和螞蟻為食,另一種的食性與普通青蛙無異。短頭蛙亞科的青蛙會挖地洞及尋找地下水,可在非洲不毛之地例如南非及附近國家找到。其下有些物種甚至會把它們的卵產於地下。
繁殖
新幾內亞和澳大利亞的姬蛙完全沒有蝌蚪時期,直接從卵中孵化出青蛙。樹棲的品種因此可以在樹上產卵,無須冒險到地上產卵。某些確實有蝌蚪時期的,這些品種也沒有如其他品種的尖嘴。[1].
解剖
姬蛙頭顱有一對上額骨和額頂骨。在聽囊處,面神經連通聽覺小孔,三叉神經和面神經中樞交匯形成耳前神經中樞。姬蛙有七至八塊骶骨,除了在尾骶骨前表面的為兩面凹外,其他都是雙平型脊椎。姬蛙胸帶屬固胸型,有些則有退化的鎖骨和腹部氣囊。末端趾骨變生硬或變尖或變成T型。蝌蚪缺乏角質化的口部並有一大通氣孔。[2]
生存範圍
青蛙自姬蛙起就遍及北美洲、南美洲、非洲、東印度、斯理蘭卡、南非、東南亞、新幾內亞和澳大利亞的熱帶和暖溫地區。儘管姬蛙大多分佈於熱帶或亞熱帶,但仍有一些品種可在乾旱地區生存。它們大多在新幾內亞、南非及馬達加斯加等地。
下級分類
本科包括以下屬:[3]
- Adelastes Zweifel, 1986
- Anilany Scherz, Vences, Rakotoarison, Andreone, Köhler, Glaw & Crottini, 2016
- 阿諾指盤蛙屬 Anodonthyla Müller, 1892
- Aphantophryne Fry, 1917
- Arcovomer Carvalho, 1954
- 星蛙屬 Asterophrys Tschudi, 1838
- Australobatrachus Tyler, 1976
- 南查帕蛙屬 Austrochaperina Fry, 1912
- Barygenys Parker, 1936
- Callulops Boulenger, 1888
- Caluella
- Chaperina Mocquard, 1892
- 短鎖蛙屬 Chiasmocleis Méhely, 1904
- 豕蛙屬 Choerophryne Van Kampen, 1914
- 掘蛙屬 Cophixalus Boettger, 1892
- 指盤蛙屬 Cophyla Boettger, 1880
- Copiula Méhely, 1901
- 藤諾蛙屬 Ctenophryne Mocquard, 1904
- Dasypops Miranda-Ribeiro, 1924
- Dermatonotus Méhely, 1904
- Dyscophus Grandidier, 1872
- 彎鎖蛙屬 Elachistocleis Parker, 1927
- 小口蛙屬 Gastrophryne Fitzinger, 1843
- 擬小口蛙屬 Gastrophrynoides Noble, 1926
- 小狹口蛙屬 Glyphoglossus Günther, 1869
- Hamptophryne Carvalho, 1954
- Hoplophryne Barbour & Loveridge, 1928
- Hylophorbus Macleay, 1878
- Hypopachus Keferstein, 1867
- 細狹口蛙屬 Kalophrynus Tschudi, 1838
- 狹口蛙屬 Kaloula Gray, 1831
- 馬德指盤蛙屬 Madecassophryne Guibé, 1974
- 纖指蛙屬 Mantophryne Boulenger, 1897
- Melanobatrachus Beddome, 1878
- Metaphrynella Parker, 1934
- Microbatrachus Roux, 1910
- 姬蛙屬 Microhyla Tschudi, 1838
- 小姬蛙屬 Micryletta Dubois, 1987
- Mini Scherz, Hutter, Rakotoarison, Riemann, Rödel, Ndriantsoa, Glos, Roberts, Crottini et al., 2019
- Myersiella Carvalho, 1954
- Mysticellus Garg & Biju, 2019
- Nanohyla Poyarkov, Gorin & Scherz, 2021
- Oninia Günther, Stelbrink & von Rintelen, 2010
- 岳蛙屬 Oreophryne Boettger, 1895
- Otophryne Boulenger, 1900
- 童蛙屬 Paedophryne Kraus, 2010
- Paradoxophyla Blommers-Schlösser & Blanc, 1991
- Paradoxophyla palmata (Guibé, 1974)
- Paradoxophyla tiarano Andreone, Aprea, Odierna & Vences, 2006[4]
- Parhoplophryne Barbour & Loveridge, 1928
- Phrynella Boulenger, 1887
- 介間姬蛙屬 Phrynomantis Peters, 1867
- 普梭指盤蛙屬 Plethodontohyla Boulenger, 1882
- 日博指盤蛙屬 Rhombophryne Boettger, 1880
- 撥土蛙屬 Scaphiophryne Boulenger, 1882
- 暹羅蛙屬 Siamophryne Suwannapoom, Sumontha, Tunprasert, Ruangsuwan, Pawangkhanant, Korost & Poyarkov, 2018
- Sphenophryne Peters & Doria, 1878
- 斯特蛙屬 Stereocyclops Cope, 1870
- 橫溝舌蛙屬 Stumpffia Boettger, 1881
- 賽那蛙屬 Synapturanus Carvalho, 1954
- 氣球蛙屬 Uperodon Duméril & Bibron, 1841
- 氣球蛙屬 Uperodon Garg, Senevirathne, Wijayathilaka, Phuge, Deuti, Manamendra-Arachchi, Meegaskumbura & Biju, 2018
- 越南姬蛙屬 Vietnamophryne Poyarkov, Suwannapoom, Pawangkhanant, Aksornneam, Duong, Korost & Che, 2018[5]
- Xenorhina Peters, 1863
- Xenorhina adisca Kraus & Allison, 2003
- Xenorhina anorbis (Blum & Menzies, 1989)
- Xenorhina arboricola Allison & Kraus, 2000
- Xenorhina arfakiana (Blum & Menzies, 1989)
- Xenorhina arndti Günther, 2010
- Xenorhina bidens Van Kampen, 1909
- Xenorhina bouwensi (De Witte, 1930)
- Xenorhina brachyrhyncha Kraus, 2011
- Xenorhina eiponis Blum & Menzies, 1989
- Xenorhina fuscigula (Blum & Menzies, 1989)
- Xenorhina gigantea Van Kampen, 1915
- Xenorhina huon (Blum & Menzies, 1989)
- Xenorhina lacrimosa Günther & Richards, 2021
- Xenorhina lanthanites (Günther & Knop, 2006)
- Xenorhina macrodisca Günther & Richards, 2005
- Xenorhina macrops Van Kampen, 1913
- Xenorhina mehelyi (Boulenger, 1898)
- Xenorhina minima (Parker, 1934)
- Xenorhina multisica (Blum & Menzies, 1989)
- Xenorhina obesa (Zweifel, 1960)
- Xenorhina ocellata Van Kampen, 1913
- Xenorhina ophiodon (Peters & Doria, 1878)
- Xenorhina oxycephala (Schlegel, 1858)
- Xenorhina parkerorum Zweifel, 1972
- Xenorhina perexigua Günther & Richards, 2021
- Xenorhina pohleorum Günther & Richards, 2021
- Xenorhina rostrata (Méhely, 1898)
- Xenorhina scheepstrai (Blum & Menzies, 1989)
- Xenorhina schiefenhoeveli (Blum & Menzies, 1989)
- Xenorhina similis (Zweifel, 1956)
- Xenorhina subcrocea (Menzies & Tyler, 1977)
- Xenorhina thiekeorum Günther & Richards, 2021
- Xenorhina tillacki Günther, Richards & Dahl, 2014
- Xenorhina tumulus (Blum & Menzies, 1989)
- Xenorhina varia Günther & Richards, 2005
- Xenorhina ventrimaculata Günther, Dahl & Richards, 2021[6]
- Xenorhina wiegankorum Günther & Richards, 2021
- Xenorhina woxvoldi Günther & Richards, 2021
- Xenorhina zweifeli (Kraus & Allison, 2002)
參考資料
- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Zweifel, Robert G. Cogger, H.G. & Zweifel, R.G. , 編. Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians. San Diego: Academic Press. 1998: 102–103. ISBN 0-12-178560-2.
- ^ Zug et al.
- ^ Microhylidae. GBIF. [2023-01-25]. (原始內容存檔於2023-01-25).
- ^ Andreone, F., Aprea, G., Odierna, G., & Vences, M. 2006. A New Narrow-mouthed Frog of the Genus Paradoxophyla (Microhylidae: Scaphiophryninae) from Masoala rainforest, northeastern Madagascar. Acta Herpetologica. 1: 15-27.
- ^ 吳東益,劉小龍,劉春雨,史興惠,楊澤鵬,施德山,袁智勇.雲南省兩棲類新屬紀錄——越南姬蛙屬[J].西南林業大學學報:自然科學,2022,42(4):155-160
- ^ Rainer Günther, Chris Dahl and Stephen J. Richards. 2021. Description of A New Xenorhina species (Anura, Microhylidae) from northwestern Papua New Guinea. Vertebrate Zoology. 71: 621-630. DOI: 10.3897/vz.71.e66954
參考文獻
- Cogger, H.G.; R.G. Zweifel, and D. Kirschner. Encyclopedia of Reptiles & Amphibians Second Edition. Fog City Press. 2004. ISBN 1-877019-69-0.
- Zug, George R.; Laurie J. Vitt and J.P. Caldwell. Herpetology:An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles 2nd Edition. Academic Press. 2001. ISBN 0-12-782622-X.