巴內特戰役
巴內特戰役 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
玫瑰戰爭的一部分 | |||||||
![]() | |||||||
| |||||||
參戰方 | |||||||
![]() |
![]() | ||||||
指揮官與領導者 | |||||||
![]() ![]() ![]() |
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() | ||||||
兵力 | |||||||
7,000–15,000 | 10,000–30,000 | ||||||
傷亡與損失 | |||||||
500 | 1,000 |
巴內特戰役是15世紀英格蘭玫瑰戰爭的一場決定性戰役,以蘭開斯特一方戰敗告終。
過程
1471年4月14日,得到勃艮第金錢支持的愛德華四世及其弟克拉倫斯公爵喬治、格洛斯特公爵理查(後來的理查三世),以及黑斯廷斯勛爵等率領的7000-15000約克軍隊和支持亨利六世的10000-30000蘭開斯特軍隊在倫敦以北的小鎮巴內特交戰。蘭開斯特軍隊的首領是原來約克家族的重要同盟、第十六代沃里克伯爵理查德·內維爾以及其弟蒙塔古侯爵約翰,還有埃克塞特公爵、牛津伯爵等。
戰鬥是在霧中進行的。牛津的軍隊打敗黑斯廷斯勳爵後返回戰場,出現在蒙塔古的軍隊的後方。因為有霧,蒙塔古誤以為是愛德華四世的預備軍來了,竟然朝自己的盟友放箭。堅定地忠於蘭開斯特的牛津見狀,大呼蒙塔古叛變了,他的軍隊對蒙塔古進行反擊,並從戰場上撤退。他們關於叛變的呼喊迅速傳遍了蘭開斯特軍的整條戰線,一些蘭開斯特士兵在憤怒、恐懼和迷惑中逃離,戰線被摧毀了。當霧氣散去,愛德華四世發現敵軍的中心已經混亂,便派出了真正的預備軍,加速了蘭開斯特軍的崩潰。在蘭開斯特軍撤退時,又傳來埃克塞特公爵陣亡(其實未死)的消息。在混亂中,蒙塔古被約克軍或牛津的軍隊殺死。
沃里克目睹弟弟陣亡,知道這場仗打輸了,便試圖撤退,並尋找馬匹。愛德華四世下令活捉沃里克。一些編年史家認為他可能想說服沃里克重新成為自己有價值的約克派盟友。史學家邁克爾·希克斯則認為他是想公開處決沃里克。但沃里克還是死於蘭開斯特潰軍之中:在逃離戰場時,他被從馬背上摔下來並被殺死了。[2]
此戰約克軍損失約500人,蘭開斯特軍損失約1000人。
隨後5月4日的蒂克斯伯里戰役宣告了蘭開斯特家族的徹底失敗。
傳記
- 書籍
- Britnell, Richard. Country Politics. The Closing of the Middle Ages?: England, 1471–1529. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. 1997. ISBN 978-0-631-16598-9.
- Brooke, Richard. The Field of the Battle of Barnet. Visits to Fields of Battle, in England, of the Fifteenth Century: To which are Added Some Miscellaneous Tracts and Papers Upon Archaeological Subjects. London: John Russell Smith. 1857 [28 January 2009]. OCLC 43406489. (原始內容存檔於2020-07-26).
- Burne, Alfred. The Battle of Barnet, April 14th, 1471. The Battlefields of England. London: Methuen and Company. 1950 [8 February 2009]. OCLC 3010941. (原始內容存檔於2020-07-26).
- Carpenter, Christine. The Wars of the Roses: Politics and the Constitution in England, c. 1437–1509. Cambridge Medieval Textbooks. New York: Cambridge University Press. 2002 [1997] [16 March 2009]. ISBN 0-521-31874-2. (原始內容存檔於2020-07-26).
- Cox, John. History and Guilt. Seeming Knowledge: Shakespeare and Skeptical Faith. Texas: Baylor University Press. 2007 [8 February 2009]. ISBN 1-932792-95-3. (原始內容存檔於2020-07-26).
- Edelman, Charles. The Wars of the Roses: 2 and 3 Henry VI, Richard III. Brawl Ridiculous: Swordfighting in Shakespeare's Plays. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 1992 [12 April 2009]. ISBN 0-7190-3507-4. (原始內容存檔於2020-07-26).
- Goodman, Anthony. Local Revolts and Nobles' Struggles, 1469–71. The Wars of the Roses: Military Activity and English Society, 1452–97. London: Taylor and Francis. 1990 [1981] [6 March 2009]. ISBN 0-415-05264-5. (原始內容存檔於2020-07-26).
- Goy-Blanquet, Dominique. Unhappy Families. Shakespeare's Early History Plays: From Chronicle to Stage. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2003 [8 February 2009]. ISBN 0-19-811987-9. (原始內容存檔於2020-07-26).
- Gravett, Christopher. Tewkesbury 1471: The last Yorkist victory (PDF). Campaign 131. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. 22 October 2003. ISBN 978-1-84176-514-3. (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於27 February 2019).
- Harriss, Gerald. Shaping the Nation: England 1360–1461. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2007 [2005] [5 April 2009]. ISBN 0-19-921119-1. (原始內容存檔於2020-07-26).
- Hicks, Michael. The Sources. Pollard, Anthony (編). The Wars of the Roses. Problems in Focus. London: MacMillan Press. 1995. ISBN 0-333-60166-1.
- Hicks, Michael. Warwick the Kingmaker. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. 2002 [1998] [12 February 2009]. ISBN 0-631-23593-0. (原始內容存檔於2020-07-26).
- Jones, Michael; Underwood, Malcolm. The Wars of the Roses. The King's Mother: Lady Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1993 [8 March 2009]. ISBN 0-521-44794-1. (原始內容存檔於2020-07-26).
- Kettler, Sarah; Trimble, Carole. Warwickshire. The Amateur Historian's Guide to the Heart of England: Nearly 200 Medieval and Tudor Sites Two Hours or Less from London. Virginia, United States: Capital Books. 2003 [9 March 2009]. ISBN 1-892123-65-7. (原始內容存檔於2020-07-26).
- Martin, Randall; Shakespeare, William. Introduction. Henry VI: Part Three. Oxford World's Classics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2001 [8 February 2009]. ISBN 0-19-283141-0. (原始內容存檔於2020-09-21).
- Richmond, Colin. The Paston Family in the Fifteenth Century: Endings 3. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 2000 [18 March 2009]. ISBN 978-0-7190-5990-2.
- Ross, Charles. Edward IV. Yale English Monarchs revised. New Haven, Connecticut; and London: Yale University Press. 1997 [1974] [16 March 2009]. ISBN 0-300-07372-0. (原始內容存檔於2020-07-27).
- Ross, Charles. Richard III. Yale English Monarchs. New Haven, Connecticut; and London: Yale University Press. 1999 [1981]. ISBN 0-300-07979-6.
- Royle, Trevor. Lancaster Against York: The Wars of the Roses and the Foundation of Modern Britain. Hampshire, United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan. 2008. ISBN 1-4039-6672-9.
- Seymour, William. Battles in Britain and Their Political Background, 1066–1746
. Hertfordshire, United Kingdom: Wordsworth Editions. 1997 [1975]. ISBN 978-1-85326-672-0.
- Wise, Terence. The Wars of the Roses. Men-at-Arms Series 145. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. 1983 [16 January 2009]. ISBN 0-85045-520-0.
- Wolffe, Bertram. Henry VI. Yale English Monarchs. New Haven, Connecticut; and London: Yale University Press. 2001 [1981]. ISBN 0-300-08926-0.
- 在線資源
- English Heritage Battlefield Report: Barnet 1471 (PDF). Swindon, United Kingdom: English Heritage. 1995 [2 February 2009]. (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於27 November 2013).
外部連結
- Bruce, John (編). Historie of the Arrivall of Edward IV, in England and the Finall Recouerye of His Kingdomes from Henry VI. A.D. M.CCCC.LXXI. London: John Bowyer Nichols, and Son. 1838 [13 February 2009]. OCLC 602067. (原始內容存檔於2009年10月14日).
- de Commynes, Philippe. Scoble, Andrew , 編. The Memoirs of Philip de Commines, Lord of Argenton: Containing the Histories of Louis XI, and Charles VIII, Kings of France, and of Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy. To which is Added the Scandalous Chronicle, Or, Secret History of Louis XI. London: Henry G. Boyn. 1855: 199–203 [13 March 2009]. OCLC 13897813. (原始內容存檔於2020-07-26).
- Warkworth, John. Halliwell, James Orchard , 編. The Warkworth Chronicle: Part VI. London: John Bowyer Nichols, and Son. 1839 [27 February 2009]. OCLC 916993. (原始內容存檔於2009年3月26日).
- The Barnet Society
|
- ^ Lewis, Matthew. Richard III: Loyalty Binds Me. Amberley Publishing Limited. 15 September 2018: 27 [2024-08-08]. ISBN 978-1-4456-7155-0. (原始內容存檔於2024-03-25) (英語).
- ^ Hicks 2002,第310頁.