愛潑斯坦沒有自殺
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此條目翻譯品質不佳。 (2021年7月17日) |
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「愛潑斯坦沒有自殺」("Epstein didn't kill himself")這個短句概括了圍繞傑弗里·愛潑斯坦死亡案的各種猜疑,以及對官方自縊身亡的判定提出的爭議。愛潑斯坦是一名美國金融家,也是一名擁有達官顯貴人脈關係的性犯罪者。他的自殺報道掀起了關於他死因及性質的眾多理論。「愛潑斯坦沒有自殺」成為了網上的迷因,而隨着死亡案件更多情節的公開,這句話在 2019 年 11 月獲得了更多關注。最常見的理論斷言,他的死因實為殺人滅口,是由一名或多名同謀所為的勒死謀殺案。因此,有些人會使用「 愛潑斯坦式「("Epsteined")來指代他們認為是作假的自殺報告。
「愛潑斯坦沒有自殺」的迷因常被插入到意想不到的語境中,例如畫家鮑伯·魯斯[1]的照片標題,或被無厘頭地放到社交媒體帖子的結尾。[2] [3]該迷因以標牌和人體彩繪的形式出現在了多個體育比賽播出里。[4] [5] [6]許多個人還會在採訪結語時突然插入這句話。 [7]它在愛潑斯坦具體死因沒有達成一致的情況下,還是被政治立場上的所有人採用着。 [8] [9]
背景
2019 年 8 月 10 日,美國金融家和性罪犯——瀕死的傑弗里·愛潑斯坦,在大都會懲教中心的牢房裡被發現。愛潑斯坦正在那裡等待對新的性交易指控的審判。據司法部、聯邦監獄局的官方聲明,「他當時被送往當地醫院去搶救致命的傷勢,但隨後被醫院人員宣布死亡。」[10]紐約市法醫裁定愛潑斯坦的死亡原因為自殺。[11]愛潑斯坦的律師對這一結論提出質疑,並展開了他們自己的調查。[12]愛潑斯坦的兄弟馬克聘請了擁有資格認證的法醫病理學家邁克爾·巴登來監督屍檢。 10 月下旬,巴登宣布屍檢證據表明他殺勒死比上吊自殺更具有可能性。[13]聯邦調查局和美國司法部監察長都對他的死因進行了調查。當時的值班警衛後來被指控為串謀罪和偽造記錄。[14]
由於在他死亡那晚監獄程序的違規處理,[a]以及愛潑斯坦聲稱了解具有影響力人物的威脅性信息,他的死不得讓人懷疑他自殺的事實性,而去產生被謀殺的猜測。[4] [17] [18]
主流化
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在福克斯新聞上對傑西·沃特斯的採訪結束時,退役海豹突擊隊員、勇犬基金會創始人邁克·里特蘭問他能否插進一個「 公益廣告 」。在被經過同意後,他說道:「如果你看到 『關於戰鬥犬』 的報道,且你決定想要一隻這樣的狗,那我建議你要麼從專業人士買一隻訓練有素的訓成犬,要麼就壓根不要養。以上,還有愛潑斯坦沒有自殺。」[21] [22]里特蘭後來表示,他提到這句話的目的是讓傑弗里·愛潑斯坦的故事延續下去。[4] [23]據華盛頓郵報 報道,這次採訪的後果引起了這個迷因的廣泛關注。
亞利桑那州共和黨眾議員保羅·戈薩拉在多達 23 條推文中分享了這個迷因,每條推文的藏頭字母一起拼出了這個短語。[4] [24] Hilltop Hoods的澳大利亞說唱歌手馬修·蘭伯特在獲得 2019 年 ARIA 音樂獎,最佳澳大利亞現場表演獎後,在他的獲獎感言中也放進了這句話。[25]
2020 年金球獎
在第 77 屆金球獎頒獎典禮的開場獨白里,主持人兼喜劇演員瑞奇·熱維斯開玩笑說,在他的節目《後半生》中,有自殺傾向的主角將在第二季里繼續演出。他補充說:「所以到頭來,他顯然沒有自殺——就跟傑弗里·愛潑斯坦一樣。我知道他是你朋友,但我可不在乎」。[26]
平台
這個迷因已被網友在包括多個平台上分享,這些平台包括且不限於Facebook和Twitter。[27]播客主持人喬·羅根和網絡名人坦克·辛納特拉用Instagram把此迷因傳播給了他們的粉絲, [28]羅根粉絲中其包括了邁克·里特蘭。[23] 「愛潑斯坦沒有自殺」梗也出現在了抖音視頻裡[1] ,被更加年輕的用戶群體關注。 廣受歡迎的 YouTube 頻道 JerryRigEverything 對一段視頻發表了評論說,「只要你仔細看,愛潑斯坦並沒有自殺的事實就顯然易見。」[29]
一些如Tinder和Hinge的交友平台用戶在他們的個人資料中指明,接受不接受迷因的初衷是決定性條件。[30]在新奧爾良舉行的 2020 年懺悔節慶祝活動中,Le Krewe d'Etat遊行花車上有帶有愛潑斯坦和希拉里·克林頓人像的大型裝飾。[31] [32]
產品
兩家總部位於密歇根州的啤酒公司,Rusted Spoke 釀造企業 [33]和加利福尼亞 Tactical OPS 釀造,[34]推出了與此迷因相關的特例啤酒品牌。[21] Rusted Spoke 的運營經理跟底特律自由報解釋說,他們只是覺得這個梗好玩而已。 [35]在瑞士,位於蘇黎世的 Kaex 公司將迷因印在了抗宿醉產品的宣傳材料上。[36]
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程序員、商業人士、和總統候選人約翰·麥卡菲發布了以該迷因命名的以太坊類加密貨幣,他在此前對愛潑斯坦的死表示了懷疑。[37]貨幣空投後,累計7 億個加密貨幣被正式的發布給了8,000 名用戶。[2]介於麥卡菲是該短語的支持者,在麥卡菲去世以後,許多人開始用「麥卡菲沒有自殺」來論及迷因和兩事件之間的相似性。[38]
節日主題商品,例如以該短語為特色的聖誕套頭衫,通過多家的在線商進行銷售。[28] [39]在接受Slate採訪時,這些經銷商表示,聖誕節皆愛潑斯坦產品的銷售情況可以說是暢銷。他們把商品的黑色幽默與暢銷其因總結在了互聯網知名度上。據Variety報道,這款以聖誕節為主題的玩梗裝備,銷量甚至超過了《權力的遊戲》的相關商品。[2]
破壞公物
此短句與幾起故意破壞事件有所關聯,不計出現在「全國各地的路標和立交橋上」。[2]例如在斯諾霍米什的華盛頓州 9 號公路上,各地的旅行者都可以看到被畫在 7 英尺高巨石上的迷因。此事件在當地社區引起了一些爭議。[40]
邁阿密藝術巴塞爾是著名藝術作品的所在地。在那裡,作品喜劇演員 [b]——一個被貼在牆上的香蕉,慘遭故意損壞。在喜劇演員展用的牆上,[2]來自馬薩諸塞州的羅德里克·韋伯用紅色唇膏寫道,[2]「愛潑斯坦沒有自殺」。 韋伯因損壞財物罪被捕,在監獄裡度過了一夜。[43]
反響
NPR 的斯科特·西蒙將迷因的誘導性玩法與瑞克搖的相似點所比較。[8]他還擔心製作迷因方面的新聞報道可能會傳播錯誤信息。聯邦檢察官曾試圖阻止此理論的傳播,但通過美聯社的報道解釋,「『傑弗里·愛潑斯坦沒有自殺』這句話已經擔負起了另一幅生命——它時時更像是流行文化的標語,而不是人們真正相信的理念。」[44]
作家詹姆斯·普洛斯將迷因的流行度歸結在了社交媒體的進步,和日益增長的民粹主義情緒上。[3]評論家們還表示,對政府和精英愈發的不信任也是其受歡迎的重要因素。[5] [9] [28] 國家 雜誌的傑特·赫爾擔心這會導致迷因成為極右翼的招攬工具, 但亞當·布爾傑在BTRtoday一篇專題文章中,駁回了赫爾的擔憂,並鼓勵民主黨接納這個迷因文化。[45]
福克斯新聞的採訪前,在梅爾雜誌里發表的一篇文章中,邁爾斯·克利寫道,此迷因在網上的興起有很多因素。其中包括愛潑斯坦受害者沒有得到的應有正義,以及因此產生的「沸騰的怨恨」。[46] [47]他進一步解釋說,傳播「愛潑斯坦沒有自殺」梗的一大吸引力在於,它可以發揮把愛潑斯坦故事保持在新聞周期內的一種作用。[27] 反之,作者安娜·梅蘭認為隨着長期的濫用,迷因往往會把愛潑斯坦的受害者們輕視化。[1]然而,她提到在2019 年 11 月 19 日,公開聲稱被傑弗里·愛潑斯坦強姦[c]的15歲的匿名女子[d]在公共媒體會議上戴了一個寫着「愛潑斯坦沒有自殺」的手鐲。這或許說明受害者也置信於該理論。
美國電視劇《傲骨之戰》第四季結局的標題被名為「大夥找出了殺死傑弗里·愛潑斯坦的兇手」。故事中,愛潑斯坦把他死後的屍體安排到了一個他事先造出埃及式陵墓的島嶼上。最後鏡頭揭示出了一個隱藏通道,通道裡面的機械維持着活着的器官。這劇情演義了公民凱恩的結局。
筆記
- ^ E.g. the removal of his cellmate without a replacement, the falling asleep of two guards who were meant to check on him, and the malfunction of two cameras in front of his cell.[15][16]
- ^ The exhibit previously featured a banana duct-taped to a white wall and had been sold for $120,000, but the banana was consumed by a performance artist the day before.[41][42]
- ^ Doe also called on Prince Andrew and any others with relevant information about Epstein to testify what they knew about his criminal conduct while under oath.[48][49]
- ^ Jane Doe 15 did not publicly reveal her name, and only said that she was 15 years old at the time of the recounted events from 16 years ago.[50]
參考
- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Poisson, Jayme; Merlan, Anna. Understanding the 'Jeffrey Epstein didn't kill himself' meme. CBC News. November 20, 2019 [December 1, 2019]. (原始內容 (Audio)存檔於November 30, 2020) (英語).
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Khawaja, Jemayel. 'Jeffrey Epstein Didn't Kill Himself' Is Peak Meme After Art Basel Prank. Variety (Penske Business Media). December 10, 2019 [December 15, 2019]. (原始內容存檔於November 30, 2020) (英語).
- ^ 3.0 3.1 Poulos, James. 'Epstein didn't kill himself' and the decline of the elite. Orange County Register. November 15, 2019 [November 21, 2019]. (原始內容存檔於November 30, 2020) (英語).
- ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Raymond, Adam K. The 'Epstein Didn't Kill Himself' Meme Has Gone Mainstream. Intelligencer (Vox Media). November 11, 2019 [November 21, 2019]. (原始內容存檔於November 30, 2020) (美國英語).
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Goggin, Benjamin; Tenbarge, Kat. Why you're seeing Jeffrey Epstein murder memes everywhere. Insider. November 19, 2019 [November 26, 2019]. (原始內容存檔於November 30, 2020) (英語).
- ^ Ellis, Emma Grey. 'Epstein Didn't Kill Himself' and the Meme-ing of Conspiracy. Wired. November 15, 2019 [November 21, 2019]. (原始內容存檔於November 29, 2019) (英語).
- ^ Flood, Brian. 'Jeffrey Epstein didn't kill himself' meme pops up on MSNBC. Fox News. November 12, 2019 [December 3, 2019]. (原始內容存檔於November 30, 2020) (英語).
- ^ 8.0 8.1 Simon, Scott. Epstein's Death Becomes A Meme. NPR. Weekend Edition Saturday. November 16, 2019 [November 21, 2019]. (原始內容存檔於November 30, 2020) (英語).
- ^ 9.0 9.1 Rothschild, Mike. Epstein died, but 'Epstein didn't kill himself' memes are alive and well. The Daily Dot. November 7, 2019 [November 25, 2019]. (原始內容存檔於November 30, 2020) (英語).
- ^ Hallemann, Caroline. Prince Andrew Says He Regrets His "Ill-Judged Association" with Jeffrey Epstein. Town & Country (Hearst Digital Media). November 20, 2019 [November 26, 2019]. (原始內容存檔於November 30, 2020) (英語).
- ^ Sisak, Michael R.; Balsamo, Michael; Neumeister, Larry. Medical examiner rules Epstein death a suicide by hanging. AP News. August 17, 2019 [November 25, 2019]. (原始內容存檔於August 16, 2019) (英語).
- ^ Frias, Lauren. Jeffrey Epstein's lawyers blast 'medieval conditions' at federal jail where he died by suicide and say they are launching their own investigation. Business Insider. August 16, 2019 [August 19, 2019]. (原始內容存檔於August 18, 2019) (英語).
- ^ Leon, Melissa. Jeffrey Epstein's autopsy more consistent with homicidal strangulation than suicide, Dr. Michael Baden reveals. Fox News. October 29, 2019 [November 11, 2019]. (原始內容存檔於November 30, 2020) (英語).
- ^ O'Brien, Rebecca Davis; Ramey, Corinne. Jeffrey Epstein's Jail Guards Charged With Conspiracy, Records Falsification. Wall Street Journal. November 19, 2019 [December 3, 2019]. (原始內容存檔於November 30, 2020) (英語).
- ^ Benner, Katie; Ivory, Danielle; Oppel Jr, Richard A. Before Jail Suicide, Epstein Was Left Alone and Not Closely Monitored. The New York Times. August 11, 2019 [August 11, 2019]. (原始內容存檔於August 11, 2019) (英語).
- ^ Hosenball, Mark. FBI studies two broken cameras outside cell where Epstein died: source. Reuters (London). August 28, 2019 [August 29, 2019]. (原始內容存檔於August 29, 2019) (英語).
- ^ Stewart, James B. The Day Jeffrey Epstein Told Me He Had Dirt on Powerful People. The New York Times. August 12, 2019 [August 22, 2019]. (原始內容存檔於August 13, 2019) (美國英語).
- ^ Stockler, Asher. Epstein Lawyers say evidence 'far more consistent' with murder than suicide. Newsweek. August 27, 2019 [August 27, 2019]. (原始內容存檔於August 27, 2019) (英語).
- ^ Heer, Jeet. Jeffrey Epstein Isn't Going Away. The Nation. 18 November 2019 [6 December 2019]. (原始內容存檔於November 30, 2020) (英語).
- ^ Armus, Teo. A GOP congressman hid a meme about Jeffrey Epstein's death in his impeachment tweets. Washington Post. Morning Mix. November 14, 2019 [December 6, 2019]. (原始內容存檔於November 30, 2020) (英語).
- ^ 21.0 21.1 Castrodale, Jelisa. This Beer Says 'Epstein Didn't Kill Himself' on the Bottom of Its Can. Vice. November 13, 2019 [November 25, 2019]. (原始內容存檔於November 30, 2020) (英語).
- ^ Hein, Michael. Fox News Guest Sneaks in 'Epstein Didn't Kill Himself' Comment During Live Segment. PopCulture.com. November 3, 2019 [November 25, 2019]. (原始內容存檔於November 30, 2020) (英語).
- ^ 23.0 23.1 Shultz, Alex. Why "Jeffrey Epstein Didn't Kill Himself" Started Trending Almost Three Months After His Death. GQ (Condé Nast). November 5, 2019 [December 6, 2019]. (原始內容存檔於November 30, 2020) (英語).
- ^ Colasimone, Dan. A US Congressman sent out a series of coded tweets pointing to a rapidly spreading conspiracy theory. ABC News. November 15, 2019 [November 25, 2019]. (原始內容存檔於November 30, 2020) (澳大利亞英語).
- ^ Rahman, Khaleda. "Jeffrey Epstein did not kill himself," rapper declares during award acceptance speech. Newsweek. November 27, 2019 [December 1, 2019]. (原始內容存檔於November 30, 2020) (英語).
- ^ Amatulli, Jenna. Ricky Gervais Says Epstein Didn't Kill Himself, Drags Felicity Huffman At Golden Globes. Huffington Post. January 5, 2020 [January 5, 2020]. (原始內容存檔於January 6, 2020) (澳大利亞英語).
- ^ 27.0 27.1 Royse, Dave. Why 'Epstein Didn't Kill Himself' Has Taken Over Memes, Social Media. Yahoo! Finance. Benzinga. November 5, 2019 [November 25, 2019]. (原始內容存檔於November 30, 2020) (英語).
- ^ 28.0 28.1 28.2 Dougherty, Michael Brendan. 'Epstein Didn't Kill Himself'. National Review. November 13, 2019 [November 21, 2019]. (原始內容存檔於November 30, 2020) (英語).
- ^ Pixel 4 XL Teardown! - Why does Google's Phone Snap?. [24 July 2020]. (原始內容存檔於November 30, 2020).
- ^ Shultz, Alex. Why on Earth Are People Talking About Jeffrey Epstein in Their Dating Profile?. GQ (Condé Nast). November 13, 2019 [November 25, 2019]. (原始內容存檔於November 30, 2020) (英語).
- ^ Wright, Robert J. 'Epstein Didn't Kill Himself' Float Shocks Mardi Gras Goers. News Radio 710 KEEL. [July 3, 2020]. (原始內容存檔於November 30, 2020).
- ^ 'Epstein Didn't Kill Himself' Mardi Gras Float Featuring Hillary Clinton Effigy Rolls Through New Orleans. uk.news.yahoo.com. [July 3, 2020]. (原始內容存檔於November 30, 2020).
- ^ DeVito, Lee. Michigan brewery reminds us that Jeffrey Epstein probably didn't kill himself. Detroit Metro Times. November 11, 2019 [November 26, 2019]. (原始內容存檔於November 30, 2020) (英語).
- ^ Clovis brewery prints 'Epstein didn't kill himself' on the bottom of cans. KUTV (Clovis, CA). FOX26 News. November 7, 2019 [December 6, 2019]. (原始內容存檔於November 30, 2020) (英語).
- ^ Morris, Taylor Nichole. Mackinaw City brewery names beer after Jeffrey Epstein conspiracy theory. Detroit Free Press. November 11, 2019 [December 6, 2019]. (原始內容存檔於November 30, 2020) (英語).
- ^ Blum, Pascal. Wahnsinnig lustig. Der Bund. December 10, 2019 [December 15, 2019]. (原始內容存檔於November 30, 2020) (德語).
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- ^ 存档副本. [2021-07-17]. (原始內容存檔於2021-06-24).
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- ^ Brown, Andrea. A cryptic meme splashes the usually benign rock of Snohomish. HeraldNet.com (Snohomish: Sound Publishing). November 18, 2019 [December 15, 2019]. (原始內容存檔於November 30, 2020) (美國英語).
- ^ Ocasio, Bianca Padró. Wall of banana exhibit vandalized with lipstick at Art Basel: 'Epstien didn't kill himself'. Miami Herald. December 8, 2019 [December 9, 2019]. (原始內容存檔於November 30, 2020) (美國英語).
- ^ Dickson, EJ. Art Basel Miami: 'Epstein Didn't Kill Himself' and the $120,000 Banana. Rolling Stone. December 8, 2019 [December 14, 2019]. (原始內容存檔於November 30, 2020) (英語).
- ^ "Epstein no se mató": la polémica frase que pintaron donde estaba el plátano de 120 mil dólares. La República. Mundo. December 10, 2019 [December 15, 2019]. (原始內容存檔於November 30, 2020) (西班牙語).
- ^ Sisak, Michael R. 'Epstein didn't kill himself': Feds fail to snuff out conspiracy theories. Hartford Courant (New York). Associated Press. November 24, 2019 [December 1, 2019]. (原始內容存檔於November 30, 2020) (英語).
- ^ Bulger, Adam. Democrats Need to be The Party of "Epstein Didn't Kill Himself". BreakThru Radio. November 15, 2019 [December 6, 2019]. (原始內容存檔於November 30, 2020) (英語).
- ^ McCarter, Reid. Man helpfully declares "Jeffrey Epstein didn't kill himself" at the tail end of a Fox News interview. The A.V. Club (G/O Media). November 4, 2019 [December 6, 2019]. (原始內容存檔於November 30, 2020) (美國英語).
- ^ Klee, Miles. Memes Are Keeping the Jeffrey Epstein Story Alive. MEL Magazine (Dollar Shave Club). October 31, 2019 [December 6, 2019]. (原始內容存檔於November 30, 2020) (美國英語).
- ^ Pierson, Brendan. 'Jane Doe 15' urges Prince Andrew to tell authorities what he knows about Epstein. Reuters. November 19, 2019 [December 3, 2019]. (原始內容存檔於November 30, 2020).
- ^ Alleged abuse victim wearing 'Epstein didn't kill himself' bracelet says Prince Andrew needs to talk to US authorities. ABC News. Reuters. November 19, 2019 [December 6, 2019]. (原始內容存檔於November 30, 2020) (澳大利亞英語).
- ^ Marcin, Tim. New Epstein Accuser Says He Raped Her When She Was 15. Vice News. November 19, 2019 [December 6, 2019]. (原始內容存檔於November 30, 2020) (美國英語).
進一步閱讀
- Bufkin, Ellie. Man calling himself 'Epstein didn't kill himself' attempts to run for president. Washington Examiner. November 9, 2019 [December 15, 2019]. (原始內容存檔於November 30, 2020) (英語).
- Dickson, E. J. With Jeffrey Epstein's Death, Conspiracy Theories Have Officially Gone Mainstream. Rolling Stone. August 12, 2019 [December 6, 2019] (英語).
- Flood, Brian. CNN's Brian Stelter ignores ABC News' Jeffrey Epstein scandal on 'Reliable Sources' media show. Fox News. November 10, 2019 [December 6, 2019] (英語).
- Fung, Brian; O'Sullivan, Donie. Cómo las redes sociales establecieron la agenda de la primera audiencia en el proceso de juicio político contra Trump. CNN. November 15, 2019 [December 6, 2019] (歐洲西班牙語).
- Goforth, Claire. Right-wing comedian will attempt hanging to prove Epstein didn't kill himself. The Daily Dot. Layer 8. November 25, 2019 [December 6, 2019] (英語).
- Matthews, Dylan. The conspiracy theories about the Clintons and Jeffrey Epstein's death, explained. Vox. August 10, 2019 [December 6, 2019] (英語).
- Norman, Greg. Syria's Assad claims Jeffrey Epstein didn't commit suicide: 'He was killed because he knew a lot of vital secrets'. Fox News. November 15, 2019 [December 3, 2019] (英語).
- Palmer, Annie. Amazon is home to thriving businesses that turn TikTok memes into merchandise. CNBC. November 17, 2019 [December 6, 2019] (英語).
- Shamsian, Jacob. Almost half of Americans now believe the conspiracy theory that sex offender Jeffrey Epstein was murdered. Business Insider. November 25, 2019 [December 1, 2019] (英語).
- Whalen, Andrew. 'Real Housewives' BravoCon cabaret event interrupted by 'Epstein didn't kill himself' statement. Newsweek. November 19, 2019 [December 1, 2019] (英語).