瑪利亞·埃奇沃思
Maria Edgeworth | |
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![]() 1807年像 | |
出生 | 英格蘭牛津郡黑博爾頓 | 1768年1月1日
逝世 | 1849年5月22日 愛爾蘭埃奇沃思鎮 | (81歲)
職業 | 作家 |
親屬 |
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簽名 | ![]() |
![](http://images.weserv.nl/?url=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Edgeworthstown_House.jpg/220px-Edgeworthstown_House.jpg)
瑪利亞·埃奇沃思(Maria Edgeworth 1768年1月1日—1849年5月22日)是一名英國-愛爾蘭作家,她是歐洲早期現實主義兒童文學作家之一,但也創作成人文學作品[2]。
生平
她出生於英格蘭牛津郡黑博爾頓,是理查德·洛弗爾·埃奇沃思和安娜·瑪利亞·埃奇沃思(Anna Maria Edgeworth,原姓Elers,1743–1773)的第二個孩子。她的童年和母親一起在赫特福德郡伯克翰斯德的莊園(即Edgeworth House)里度過[3][4]。其母在1773年去世,父親續弦娶霍諾拉·斯尼德為妻。瑪利亞在1775年進入德比的一所女子學校讀書,1780年霍諾拉去世,父親再娶霍諾拉的姐妹伊麗莎白為妻。瑪利亞轉學至倫敦,1781年差點因眼睛感染而失明[1]。她14歲回家照顧弟弟妹妹[5],由父親教授法律、經濟、政治、科學、文學知識,並開始和伯明翰月光社的學者們來往。
她逐漸成為愛爾蘭埃奇沃思鎮家族地產的管理人,業餘開始寫作,與凱瑟琳·韋爾茲利、莫伊拉伯爵夫人伊麗莎白·羅登等社會名流有來往[6]。
1798年,父親娶弗朗西斯·安妮(Frances Anne)為妻。1800年開始,全家前往英格蘭各地旅遊,後又前往歐洲大陸,遊歷比利時、法國,直到1803年才回到家鄉。她又開始文學創作,寫成《The Absentee》、《Ormond》等愛爾蘭小說[7]。她在當時是非常有名的作家,可以和簡·奧斯汀及沃爾特·司各特相提並論,她的收入甚至一度比他們還多[8]。
1813年,她再次前往倫敦,結識拜倫和漢弗里·戴維,隨後又和沃爾特·司各特成為好友,司各特的小說《威弗利》受她影響很大。1823年,她前往阿博茨福德莊園拜訪司各特,司各特為她介紹了周邊風景[7]。次年,司各特回訪[9]。
晚年
![](http://images.weserv.nl/?url=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Maria_Edgeworth%2C_by_Richard_Beard.jpg/220px-Maria_Edgeworth%2C_by_Richard_Beard.jpg)
她曾和經濟學家大衛·李嘉圖探討經濟學,受後者影響,她開始在埃奇沃思鎮推行科學的農業技術,以提升畝產、降低價格[10],並致力於提高當地窮人的生活水平。作為天主教解放的支持者,她還嘗試過不計教派地向村裡的孩子提供教育機會[11]。愛爾蘭大饑荒發生時,她也致力於賑災,其作品《Orlandino》就是為了籌備賑災款而作[12]。
威廉·哈密頓當選皇家愛爾蘭學院院長之後,瑪利亞是他的文學顧問,推動女性參與學院事務。1837年,哈密頓選她為榮譽院士[1]。
1849年5月22日,瑪利亞突發心臟病去世。[1]
參考文獻
- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 McCormack 2015.
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica 2014.
- ^ Historic England, Edgeworth House (1342141), National Heritage List for England, [11 June 2021]
- ^ Wreyford, Paul. Literary Buckinghamshire. History Press. 2008 [11 June 2021]. ISBN 978-0-7509-5342-9 (英語).
- ^ Jane Donawerth. Rhetorical Theory By Women Before 1900. Lanham, MD: Rowman & LittleField. 2002: 130–131. ISBN 0-7425-1717-9.
- ^ Blackcastle House. Navan & District Historical Society. [13 May 2019]. (原始內容存檔於2019-03-12).
- ^ 7.0 7.1 Henry Boylan. A Dictionary of Irish Biography, 3rd Edition. Dublin: Gill and MacMillan. 1998: 120. ISBN 0-7171-2945-4.
- ^ Jane Donawerth. Rhetorical Theory By Women Before 1900. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. 2002.
- ^ Maria Edgeworth. The Irish Times. 12 September 1903.
- ^ Kern, William. Maria Edgeworth and Classical Political Economy. Publications. American Economic Association: Committee on the Status of Women in the Economics Profession. [1 October 2011]. (原始內容存檔於25 July 2011).
- ^ Lord Longford. Memorial Service, Maria Edgeworth. The Irish Times. 23 May 1949: 5.
- ^ Maria Edgeworth. The Irish Times. 28 February 1895: 5.
- Alpini, Gloria. Translating Social Action Texts: Mary Wollstonecraft & Maria Edgeworth. Fano, Italia: Aras Edizioni. 2009: 227 [2022-02-27]. ISBN 978-88-96378-07-6. (原始內容存檔於2022-02-28).
- Butler, Marilyn. Maria Edgeworth: A Literary Biography. Oxford University Press. 1972 [31 March 2015]. ISBN 978-0198120179. (原始內容存檔於2022-02-28).
- Colvin, Christina (編). Maria Edgeworth: Letters from England, 1813-1844. Clarendon Press. 1971.
- Curtis, Stanley James; Boultwood, Myrtle E. A. A short history of educational ideas 5th. University Tutorial Press. 1977 [2022-02-27]. ISBN 9780723107675. (原始內容存檔於2022-02-27).
- Fauske, Chris and Heidi Kaufman (編). An Uncomfortable Authority. Newark: University of Delaware Press. 2004.
- Gonzalez, Alexander G. (編). Irish women writers : an A-to-Z guide. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. 2006 [2022-02-27]. ISBN 9780313328831. (原始內容存檔於2022-04-07).
- Harden, Elizabeth. Maria Edgeworth. Boston: Twayne Publishers. 1984. ISBN 9780805768794.
- Iles, Kate. A Portrait of Maria Edgeworth. Revolutionary Players. [31 March 2015]. (原始內容存檔於20 March 2012).
- Langdon, Alison Ganze. "The More Things Change: Maria Edgeworth’s 「The Modern Griselda," The Year's Work in Medievalism 27 (2012).
- MacDonald, Edgar E. The Education of the Heart: The Correspondence of Rachel Mordecai Lazarus and Maria Edgeworth. UNC Press. 1977 [24 March 2015]. ISBN 9781469606095. (原始內容存檔於2022-02-27).
- Manly, Susan. Maria Edgeworth (1768-1849) (PDF). Biographies of Women Writers. Chawton House Library. 2012 [30 March 2015]. (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2015-04-02).
- Myers, Mitzi. "Anecdotes from the Nursery" in Maria Edgeworth's Practical Education (1798): Learning from Children "Abroad and At Home" (PDF). Princeton University Library Chronicle. Winter 1999, 60 (2): 220–250 [30 March 2015]. doi:10.25290/prinunivlibrchro.60.2.0220. (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於18 November 2018).
- Nash, Julie (編). New essays on Maria Edgeworth. Aldershot: Ashgate. 2006 [25 March 2015]. ISBN 9780754651758. (原始內容存檔於2022-02-28).
- ——. Servants and Paternalism in the Works of Maria Edgeworth and Elizabeth Gaskell. Aldershot: Ashgate. 2007 [25 March 2015]. ISBN 9781409489870. (原始內容存檔於2022-02-28).
- O'Connor, Maura. The Development of Infant Education in Ireland, 1838-1948: Epochs and Eras. Bern: Lang. 2010 [31 March 2015]. ISBN 9783034301428. (原始內容存檔於2022-04-17).
- The Four Wives of Richard Lovell Edgewort & The Children of Richard Lovell Edgeworth. English-Irish Edgeworths. House of Edgeworth, South Carolina. [24 March 2015]. (原始內容 (Images)存檔於2022-02-27).
- Cornhill Magazine. Miss Edgeworth. The Living Age. 11 November 1882, 155 (2003): 323–337 [13 September 2015]. (原始內容存檔於2022-02-27).
- Cornhill Magazine. Miss Edgeworth. The Living Age. 9 December 1882, 155 (2007): 595–608 [13 September 2015]. (原始內容存檔於2022-02-28).
- Hare, Augustus John Cuthbert (編). The Life and Letters of Maria Edgeworth vol. I. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin. 1895 [24 March 2015]. ISBN 9781465521088. (原始內容存檔於2022-02-27).
- Lawless, Emily. Maria Edgeworth. London: Macmillan. 1904 [24 March 2015].
- Lovett, Richard. Irish pictures drawn with pen and pencil. London: The Religious Tract Society. 1888 [30 March 2015]. (原始內容存檔於2021-11-12).
- Oliver, Grace Atkinson. A Study of Maria Edgeworth: With Notices of Her Father and Friends 2nd. Boston: A. Williams and Company. 1882 [5 September 2015].
- Edgeworth, Maria. Early Lessons 1st. London: Johnson. 1801 [31 March 2015]. (原始內容存檔於2022-02-27).
- Edgeworth, Maria. RL Edgeworth Esq. The Annual Register. 1820,. Part II: 1215–1223 [18 March 2015]. (原始內容存檔於2022-04-22).
- Edgeworth, Maria. Complete Novels of Maria Edgeworth (Illustrated). Delphi Classics. 2013 [5 September 2015].
- Hall, S. C. Edgeworthstown: Memories of Maria Edgeworth. Living Age. 1849, 22: 320–329 [30 March 2015]. (原始內容存檔於2022-05-23).
- McCormack, W. J. Edgeworth, Maria (1768–1849), novelist and educationist. 《牛津國家人物傳記大辭典》 線上版. 牛津大學出版社. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8476. 需要訂閱或英國公共圖書館會員資格
本條目是從已進入公有領域的出版品所整合而來:Edgeworth, Richard Lovell. Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
- Colvin, Christina Edgeworth. Edgeworth, Richard Lovell (1744–1817). 《牛津國家人物傳記大辭典》 線上版. 牛津大學出版社. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8478. 需要訂閱或英國公共圖書館會員資格
- Maria Edgeworth: Anglo-Irish author. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2014 [31 March 2015]. (原始內容存檔於2015-05-03).
- Edgeworth Papers. Collection List 40 (PDF). National Library of Ireland: 112. [29 March 2015]. (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2022-02-27).
- Priestman, Judith; Clapinson, Mary; Rogers, Tim. Catalogue of the papers of Maria Edgeworth (1768–1849), and the Edgeworth family, 17th–19th century. University of Oxford, Bodleian Library. 1993 [18 March 2015]. (原始內容存檔於2019-09-27).
- Edgeworth Collection (Longford County Library). Ask About Ireland. [30 March 2015]. (原始內容存檔於2022-02-27).
- Edgeworth, Maria (1768–1849), novelist and children's writer. The National Archives (UK). [31 March 2015]. (原始內容存檔於2022-02-27).
外部連結
關於瑪利亞·埃奇沃思 的圖書館資源 |
瑪利亞·埃奇沃思的作品 |
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- 開放圖書館中Maria Edgeworth的著作
- Maria Edgeworth Collection. General Collection. Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University.
在線閱讀
- Maria Edgeworth的作品 - 古騰堡計劃
- Maria Edgeworth - 古滕堡分布式校對(加拿大)
- 互聯網檔案館中瑪利亞·埃奇沃思的作品或與之相關的作品
來自瑪利亞·埃奇沃思的LibriVox公共領域有聲讀物
- Maria Edgeworth, 1767–1849. eBooks@Adelaide. University of Adelaide. 2014 [31 March 2015]. (原始內容存檔於2015-03-17).
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