骨炭
![](http://images.weserv.nl/?url=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/%C5%BDivo%C4%8Di%C5%A1n%C3%A9_uhl%C3%AD_%28Carbocit%29.jpg/250px-%C5%BDivo%C4%8Di%C5%A1n%C3%A9_uhl%C3%AD_%28Carbocit%29.jpg)
骨炭(Bone char),或稱骨黑(Bone black),是將動物的骨頭炭化(charring)後所得到的炭,為多孔隙物質。其主要成分包括了磷酸鈣(或羥磷灰石)57-80%、碳酸鈣 6-10%,與活性炭 7-10%.[1]
製程
動物性骨骼經由攝氏700度裂解之後,可以得到骨炭與骨油。骨骼若在富氧環境下燃燒,則會變成骨灰。骨炭一般原料採用牛骨,但顱骨與脊椎不會被使用,以避免散播克雅二氏病。[2]
應用
水處理
雖然骨炭具有的表面積較活性炭為低,但足以吸附如12族元素,包括銅、鋅、鎘等重金屬。[3]目前亦有研究將骨炭用於鉛[4]與砷[5]之吸附與移除。
由於含有磷酸鈣,骨炭亦可移除水中的氟化物[6]與金屬離子,是目前已知最早用於除去水中氟化物的方法,並曾廣泛使用於1940年代至1960年代的美國。[7]也由於骨炭原料取得容易且生產方式簡單,部分開發中國家如坦桑尼亞等均仍在使用骨炭。[8]
製糖
在製糖業上,骨炭可用來脫色與去灰分。骨炭因為其單位脫色能力較低,因此在使用時都需投入大量的骨炭以達到效果。[9]在美國與歐洲,由於經濟效益與素食客群和部分宗教教義之考量,因此骨炭已較少於使用在製糖業中。
除此之外,骨炭亦能去除有機雜質,尤其是硫酸鹽、鎂、鈣,有利於減少後續製程中的積垢。[10]
美術
![](http://images.weserv.nl/?url=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/MANET_-_M%C3%BAsica_en_las_Tuller%C3%ADas_%28National_Gallery%2C_Londres%2C_1862%29.jpg/200px-MANET_-_M%C3%BAsica_en_las_Tuller%C3%ADas_%28National_Gallery%2C_Londres%2C_1862%29.jpg)
骨炭可作為顏料,稱為黑色九號顏料(Pigment black 9)。林布蘭、維拉斯奎茲、馬內,與畢卡索等人都使用過骨炭於他們的作品上。[11][12]
參考資料
- ^ Fawell, John. Fluoride in drinking-water 1st published. Geneva: WHO. 2006: 47. ISBN 9241563192.
- ^ "Dirty Jobs: Episode Guide". [2016-04-21]. (原始內容存檔於2011-12-08).
- ^ Ko, Danny C.K.; Porter, John F.; McKay, Gordon. Optimised correlations for the fixed-bed adsorption of metal ions on bone char. Chemical Engineering Science. December 2000, 55 (23): 5819–5829. doi:10.1016/S0009-2509(00)00416-4.
- ^ Deydier, Eric; Guilet, Richard; Sharrock, Patrick. Beneficial use of meat and bone meal combustion residue: "an efficient low cost material to remove lead from aqueous effluent". Journal of Hazardous Materials. July 2003, 101 (1): 55–64. doi:10.1016/S0304-3894(03)00137-7.
- ^ Chen, Yun-Nen; Chai, Li-Yuan; Shu, Yu-De. Study of arsenic(V) adsorption on bone char from aqueous solution. Journal of Hazardous Materials. December 2008, 160 (1): 168–172. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.02.120.
- ^ Medellin-Castillo, Nahum A.; Leyva-Ramos, Roberto; Ocampo-Perez, Raul; Garcia de la Cruz, Ramon F.; Aragon-Piña, Antonio; Martinez-Rosales, Jose M.; Guerrero-Coronado, Rosa M.; Fuentes-Rubio, Laura. Adsorption of Fluoride from Water Solution on Bone Char. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. December 2007, 46 (26): 9205–9212. doi:10.1021/ie070023n.
- ^ Horowitz, HS; Maier, FJ; Law, FE. Partial defluoridation of a community water supply and dental fluorosis.. Public health reports. Nov 1967, 82 (11): 965–72. PMC 1920070
. PMID 4964678. doi:10.2307/4593174.
- ^ Mjengera, H.; Mkongo, G. Appropriate deflouridation technology for use in flourotic areas in Tanzania. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C. January 2003, 28 (20-27): 1097–1104. doi:10.1016/j.pce.2003.08.030.
- ^ Asadi, Mosen. Beet-Sugar Handbook.. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. 2006: 333. ISBN 9780471790983.
- ^ Chou, ed. by Chung Chi. Handbook of sugar refining : a manual for the design and operation of sugar refining facilities. New York, NY [u.a.]: Wiley. 2000: 368–369. ISBN 9780471183570.
- ^ Bomford D, Kirby J, Leighton, J., Roy A., Art in the Making: Impressionism. National Gallery Publications, London, 1990, pp. 112-119
- ^ Édouard Manet, 'Music in the Tuileries Gardens' (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館), ColourLex