從河流到大海
![](http://images.weserv.nl/?url=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Occupied_Palestinian_Territories.jpg/240px-Occupied_Palestinian_Territories.jpg)
從河流到大海[1]或譯為從河流到海洋[2](阿拉伯語:مِنْ النَّهْر إِلَى الْبَحْر,羅馬化:min an-nahr ʾilā l-baḥr,巴勒斯坦阿拉伯語:من المية للمية,羅馬化:min il-ṃayye la-l-ṃayye,直譯:從水到水[3][4])是一個巴勒斯坦-以色列地區的政治口號,有時也與其它政治口號連用,指代的是地理上的整個巴勒斯坦地區(以色列地),[5]從約旦河到地中海範圍內所有土地,包含現今以色列和巴勒斯坦國(約旦河西岸地區、東耶路撒冷、加沙地帶)兩國所有領土。[6][7]
一般認為,這個口號從1960年代開始在巴勒斯坦盛行,呼籲從以色列的軍事佔領下解放出來。巴解組織將這個口號詮釋為建立一個涵蓋整個巴勒斯坦託管地,由巴勒斯坦人和1947年前就居住在巴勒斯坦的猶太人後裔組成的世俗化民主國家,但後來將猶太人的範圍限制在第一次回歸之前生活在巴勒斯坦的猶太人的後裔。[8]因此,到1969年,「解放巴勒斯坦,從河流到大海」意味着將會取代以色列這個民族宗教國家的一個世俗化的民主國家。[8][9]
巴勒斯坦的進步派人士用這個口號來呼籲在巴勒斯坦地區建立統一的民主政權,[10]而另一些人認為這個口號是「經歷了長達數十年的、無限期的以色列軍事佔領的數百萬巴勒斯坦人……對和平與平等的呼籲」。[11]伊斯蘭激進組織哈馬斯在其2017年憲章中使用了這個口號,被批評者主張,這顯示出這個口號是在隱式地主張消滅以色列,並呼籲驅逐或消滅該地區的猶太人。[9][11]
以色列的一些政客也使用過該口號或基本類似的表述,例如以色列右翼政黨利庫德集團在1977年的選舉宣言中宣稱「在大海和約旦河之間,只有以色列的主權」。[12][13][14]以色列總理本傑明·內塔尼亞胡等以色列政治人物也使用過「約旦河以西地區」等類似的表達。[5][15]一些國家已經或正在考慮將該口號的使用定為犯罪。[16][17]
歷史背景
Elliott Colla在《Mondoweiss》上發表的一篇文章認為,要理解這個口號,就要了解相關的歷史背景,也即巴勒斯坦被分隔和破碎化的歷史,[18]Colla提到了若干歷史事件:1947年巴勒斯坦分治決議分割了「從河流到大海」的土地,1948年的大災難將該決議付諸實施,1967年第三次中東戰爭後以色列佔領了約旦河西岸和加沙地帶,《奧斯陸協議》令約旦河西岸的巴勒斯坦領土碎片化和班圖斯坦化,成為被以色列定居點、軍事基地和檢查站包圍的一系列飛地,以及在第二次大起義後以色列開始興建隔離牆。[18]
歷史
該口號的確切起源仍不明確。[19]美國歷史學家Robin D. G. Kelley認為,這句話最開始是錫安主義的口號,代表以色列的邊界(Eretz Israel)。[5]以色列裔美國歷史學家Omer Bartov指出,錫安主義者對該口號的使用遠在1948年以色列獨立之前,始於澤維·賈鮑京斯基領導的修正派猶太復國主義,該運動主張在整個巴勒斯坦地區建立一個單一的猶太國家。他們有一首名為《約旦河東岸》的歌曲,其中唱道:「約旦河有兩岸,這邊是我們的,對岸也是我們的」,主張猶太國家應該覆蓋到約旦河東岸。[20]1977年,這一表述出現在以色列政黨利庫德集團的選舉宣言中,他們宣稱「在大海和約旦河之間,只有以色列的主權」。[21][22]
而巴勒斯坦人採用該口號的時間也有爭議,Kelley認為,巴勒斯坦解放組織在1960年代中期採用了這個口號,而Elliott Colla認為,「從河流到大海」首次在巴勒斯坦抗議中出現的時間尚不明確,2023年11月,Colla指出,他在1960年代和1970年代的巴勒斯坦革命媒體中都沒有看到過該口號,無論是標準阿拉伯語還是黎凡特阿拉伯語,並指出「該口號在1964和1968年的巴勒斯坦民族理事會憲章中都沒有出現過,也未出現在1988年的哈馬斯憲章中。」[18]
1964年,巴解組織巴勒斯坦民族理事會憲章呼籲「完全恢復被篡奪的家園」。1964年的憲章規定,「巴勒斯坦裔猶太人如果願意在巴勒斯坦和平、忠誠地生活,應被視為巴勒斯坦人」,並將「巴勒斯坦人」定義為「在巴勒斯坦正常生活到1947年」的人。[23]1968年,憲章的修訂版規定「在猶太復國主義入侵開始前正常生活在在巴勒斯坦的猶太人」被視為巴勒斯坦人。[23][24]
至晚不晚於1970年代,該口號已經在英語資料中出現。[25][26][27]
1979年,出席巴勒斯坦裔美國人議會的代表們引用了這句話。[28]
Colla指出,參加第一次大起義的活動家們「記得從1980年代末開始就聽過該口號的阿拉伯語版本」,一些作品中收錄了當時的塗鴉作品,其中就含有該口號。[29][30][18]
2021年卜采萊姆發佈了題為《從約旦河到地中海的猶太霸權主義政權:這就是種族隔離》的報告,該報告描述了以色列作為一個種族隔離政權,佔領了約旦河西岸並封鎖了加沙地帶,對「從河流到大海」的領土進行了事實上的統治。[31][32]
應用
巴勒斯坦激進組織
哈馬斯在2017年修訂其綱領時,拒絕「除了從河流到大海的整個巴勒斯坦的徹底解放之外任何替代性的解決方案」,被認為是「否定以色列的存在」。[33][34][35][36]
以色列右翼組織
1977年,這一表述出現在以色列政黨利庫德集團的選舉宣言中,他們宣稱「猶地亞-撒馬利亞區不會交給任何外國政府,在大海和約旦河之間,只有以色列的主權」。[21][22][12][13][14]梅納赫姆·貝京也重複了這一宣言。[37]其他以色列政客最近也使用了類似的措辭,例如Gideon Sa'ar和猶太人家園的Uri Ariel。2014年,Ariel表示,「約旦河和地中海之間只會有一個國家,那就是以色列。」[5]以色列總理、利庫德集團領導人本傑明·內塔尼亞胡[19]以及其他以色列政客最近也使用了類似的表述。[5]
國際使用
![](http://images.weserv.nl/?url=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/2024_MIT_pro-Palestinian_protest_camps_01.jpg/220px-2024_MIT_pro-Palestinian_protest_camps_01.jpg)
阿拉伯各國領導人在發言中經常使用這一口號,[38][39]在支持巴勒斯坦的示威活動中,遊行者也會使用這一口號,[40]並與「巴勒斯坦將獲得自由」(Palestine will be free)共同使用。[41][42]伊斯蘭教支持者使用的口號則是「巴勒斯坦是伊斯蘭的,從河流到大海」(Palestine is Islamic from the river to the sea)。[43]
不同政治立場的人士對這一口號有不同的解釋。世俗人士認為,這個口號意味着在巴勒斯坦地區建立一個單一的國家,所有宗教的人士都有平等的公民身份。而某些伊斯蘭學者主張,在伊斯蘭教的世界末日到來時,馬赫迪將宣佈「耶路撒冷是阿拉伯穆斯林的,巴勒斯坦——從河流到大海的全部範圍——都是阿拉伯穆斯林的」。[44] [45]
![](http://images.weserv.nl/?url=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Day_of_Resistance_bIMG_7940_%2853255628099%29.jpg/220px-Day_of_Resistance_bIMG_7940_%2853255628099%29.jpg)
爭議
一些政治人士和團體,例如反誹謗聯盟[24]和美國猶太人委員會[24]主張該口號包含反猶主義、仇恨言論和煽動種族滅絕,[24][46]認為它否認了「猶太人在其祖籍地的自決權」,[24]或是「煽動對猶太人的驅逐或滅絕」。[17][47][48]批評者聲稱,該口號暗示完全消滅以色列國及其猶太公民,並將這片土地完全置於阿拉伯人的統治之下。[49][50][51][52]反誹謗聯盟區域總監Jonah Steinberg認為,從第一次中東戰爭開始就有「把猶太人推入大海」的說法,而「從河流到大海」則是對上述威脅的呼應。[53]
在2018年的聲援巴勒斯坦人民國際日,美國學者Marc Lamont Hill在聯合國發表演講時使用了這一口號,[54]被反誹謗聯盟批評為主張消滅以色列,[55]他因此失去了CNN政論員的工作。[56]:77
2023年11月9日,哈佛大學校長克勞丁·蓋伊譴責了這一口號。[57]
回應
牛津大學研究員艾哈邁德·卡里迪認為,兩個民族完全可以同時在河流和大海之間獲得自由,這個口號不代表種族滅絕,巴勒斯坦將獲得自由與猶太人的自由並不矛盾。[58]
2021年,各界共200名學者簽署了《關於反猶主義的耶路撒冷宣言》,該宣言討論了反猶主義的常見表現,以及在巴以問題上,什麼樣的言論和行為是反猶主義,什麼樣的言論和行為不是反猶主義。作者們認為,「在河流與大海之間」[註 1]不是反猶主義。[59]
法律
在2023年以色列—哈馬斯戰爭期間,英國內政大臣蘇拉·布雷弗曼提議在某些情形下將使用該口號的行為定為犯罪。[60]2023年10月11日,維也納警方禁止了一場支持巴勒斯坦示威,理由是他們的邀請函中包含了該口號,維也納警方聲稱這違反了《歐洲人權公約》第2條。[61]
荷蘭國會的大多數議員宣稱這句口號是在呼籲暴力。然而,當地司法機關於2023年8月裁定,該口號受到言論自由的保護,因為它「有多種解釋」,包括「可能針對以色列國和具有以色列國籍的人士,但不因為宗教和民族而針對猶太人」。荷蘭最高法院維持了原判。[16][62][63]
奧地利的政治人士也考慮將使用這一口號定為犯罪,奧地利總理卡爾·內哈默認為,該口號會被解釋為呼籲謀殺。[64][65]
2023年11月5日,在愛沙尼亞塔林,警方對五名使用「從河流到大海,巴勒斯坦將獲得自由」口號的示威者提起了刑事訴訟。[66][67]
2023年11月11日,該口號在德國巴伐利亞州被禁用,「檢察機關和巴伐利亞警方警告,今後無論以何種語言,使用該口號都將被視為使用恐怖組織標誌,最高可能面臨三年監禁或罰款。」[68]
2023年11月16日,報道稱在捷克共和國使用該口號可能面臨刑事起訴。[69][70][71]
2023年11月17日,有報道稱,在加拿大卡爾加里使用該口號的一名男子被警方起訴,但其案件已被擱置。[72]
2024年4月16日,美國眾議院以377票贊成、44票反對的結果,正式譴責「從河流到海洋,巴勒斯坦將獲得自由」這一口號,並認定其為「反猶太主義」。[73]
註釋
- ^ 原文為英語between the river and the sea,與常見的表述不同。
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The Likud Party's founding charter reinforces this vision in its statement that "between the Sea and the Jordan there will only be Israeli sovereignty."... During the mid-1960s, the PLO embraced the slogan, but it meant something altogether different from the Zionist vision of Jewish colonization. Instead, the 1964 and 1968 charters of the Palestine National Council (PNC) demanded "the recovery of the usurped homeland in its entirety" and the restoration of land and rights-including the right of self-determination-to the indigenous population. In other words, the PNC was calling for decolonization, but this did not mean the elimination or exclusion of all Jews from a Palestinian nation-only the settlers or colonists. According to the 1964 Charter, "Jews who are of Palestinian origin shall be considered Palestinians if they are willing to live peacefully and loyally in Palestine.' Following the 1967 war, the Arab National Movement, led by Dr. George Habash, merged with Youth for Revenge and the Palestine Liberation Front to form the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP). The PFLP embraced a Palestinian identity rooted in radical, Third World-oriented nationalism, officially identifying as Marxist-Leninist two years later. It envisioned a single, democratic, potentially socialist Palestinian state in which all peoples would enjoy citizenship. Likewise, Fatah leaders shifted from promoting the expulsion of settlers to embracing all Jews as citizens in a secular, democratic state. As one Fatah leader explained in early 1969, "If we are fighting a Jewish state of a racial kind, which had driven the Arabs out of their lands, it is not so as to replace it with an Arab state which would in turn drive out the Jews.. We are ready to look at anything with all our negotiating partners once our right to live in our homeland is recognized." Thus by 1969, "Free Palestine from the river to the sea" came to mean one democratic secular state that would supersede the ethno-religious state of Israel. Moreover, the Palestinian national movement had come to see itself as part of a global anti-imperialist movement in solidarity with other nonaligned or socialist nations, or revolutionary movements like the Black Panthers.
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「 Hamas believes that no part of the land of Palestine shall be compromised or conceded, irrespective of the causes, the circumstances and the pressures and no matter how long the occupation lasts. Hamas rejects any alternative to the full and complete liberation of Palestine, from the river to the sea.」
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Only two years ago he [Saddam Hussein] declared on Iraqi television: 'Palestine is Arab and must be liberated from the river to the sea and all the Zionists who emigrated to the land of Palestine must leave.'
- ^ Alan Dowty. Israel/Palestine. Polity. 2008: 160. ISBN 978-0-7456-4243-7.
One exception was Faysal al- Husayni, who stated in his 2001 Beirut speech: 'We may lose or win [tactically] but our eyes will continue to aspire to the strategic goal, namely, to Palestine from the river to the sea.'
- ^ Barry Rubin. The Muslim Brotherhood: The Organization and Policies of a Global Islamist Movement. Palgrave Macmillan. 25 May 2010: 124. ISBN 978-0-230-10687-1.
Thus, the MAB slogan 'Palestine must be free, from the river to the sea' is now ubiquitous in anti-Israeli demonstrations in the UK ...
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... a message reminiscent of the popular intifada slogan 'Palestine is ours from the river to the sea,' which in the hands of the Islamists became 'Palestine is Islamic from the river to the sea.'
- ^ Bandler, Aaron. Dem NH Lawmaker Apologizes for 'From the River to the Sea' Tweet. The Jewish Journal. 1 November 2021 [2 November 2021]. (原始內容存檔於2 November 2021).
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Jerusalem is Arab Muslim, and Palestine — all of it, from the river to the sea — is Arab Muslim, and there is no place in it for any who depart from peace or from Islam, other than those who submit to those standing under the rule of Islam.
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While that may be a tacit acknowledgment of Israel's existence, the revision stops well short of recognizing Israel and reasserts calls for armed resistance toward a 'complete liberation of Palestine from the river to the sea.'... "Hamas is attempting to fool the world, but it will not succeed," said a statement from the Israeli prime minister's office. "Daily, Hamas leaders call for genocide of all Jews and the destruction of Israel."
- ^ 'From the river to the sea' prompts Vienna to ban pro-Palestinian protest. Reuters. 11 October 2023 [28 October 2023]. (原始內容存檔於2023-11-04) (英語).
- ^ Angelos, James. Israel-Hamas war cuts deep into Germany's soul. Politico Europe. 21 October 2023 [2024-03-15]. (原始內容存檔於2023-11-06).
Hamas' ideology of extermination against everything Jewish is also having an effect in Germany," said the Central Council of Jews in Germany, the country's largest umbrella Jewish organization.
- ^ Islamic Jihad Movement. AlJazeera.net (Al Jazeera). [31 October 2023]. (原始內容存檔於2023-12-11).
الالتزام بأن فلسطين -من النهر إلى البحر- أرض إسلامية عربية يحرم شرعا التفريط في أي شبر منها، والوجود الإسرائيلي في فلسطين وجود باطل، يحرم شرعا الاعتراف به.
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(幫助) - ^ Patterson, David. A Genealogy of Evil: Anti-Semitism from Nazism to Islamic Jihad. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. 18 October 2010: 249. ISBN 978-1-139-49243-0.
... except the boundary indicated in their slogan 'From the river to the sea', which stipulated the obliteration of the Jewish state.
- ^ Muslih, Muhammad. Towards Coexistence: An Analysis of the Resolutions of the Palestine National Council. Journal of Palestine Studies (New York City: Taylor & Francis). 1990-07-01, 19 (4): 3–29. ISSN 0377-919X. JSTOR 2537386. doi:10.2307/2537386 (英語).
PLO and its leaders remained at bottom committed to Israel's destruction
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Meanwhile the endeavor to exterminate the Jews and destroy the state
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- ^ CNN fires analyst Marc Lamont Hill after UN speech on Israel. AP. November 29, 2018 [11 October 2023]. (原始內容存檔於2023-10-24).
- ^ Kelley, Robin. From the River to the Sea to Every Mountain Top: Solidarity as Worldmaking. Journal of Palestine Studies. Summer 2019, XLVIII (4).
- ^ Hartocollis, Anemona. Harvard, Columbia and Penn Pledge to Fight Antisemitism on Campus. The New York Times. November 11, 2023 [2024-03-15]. (原始內容存檔於2023-11-12).
- ^ Demirjian, Karoun; Stack, Liam. In Congress and on Campuses, 'From the River to the Sea' Inflames Debate. The New York Times. 2023-11-09 [2023-12-23]. ISSN 0362-4331. (原始內容存檔於2023-11-12) (美國英語).
- ^ The Jerusalem Declaration On Antisemitism. JerusalemDeclaration.org. [March 30, 2021]. (原始內容存檔於2024-06-15).
- ^ Syal, Rajeev; Allegretti, Aubrey. Waving Palestinian flag may be a criminal offence, Braverman tells police. The Guardian. 10 October 2023 [10 October 2023]. (原始內容存檔於2023-10-24).
I would encourage police to consider whether chants such as: 'From the river to the sea, Palestine will be free' should be understood as an expression of a violent desire to see Israel erased from the world, and whether its use in certain contexts may amount to a racially aggravated section 5 public order offence.
- ^ 'From the river to the sea' prompts Vienna to ban pro-Palestinian protest. Yahoo News. 2023-10-11 [2023-10-11]. (原始內容存檔於2023-10-23) (英國英語).
- ^ Pietch, Bryan. 'From the river to the sea': Why a Palestinian rallying cry ignites dispute
. The Washington Post. November 14, 2023 [November 19, 2023]. (原始內容存檔於November 19, 2023).
- ^ Brown, Rivkah. Dutch Court Rules 'From the River to the Sea' Protected Speech and Not Antisemitic. Novara Media. 18 Oct 2023 [10 Nov 2023]. (原始內容存檔於2023-10-31).
- ^ Glenn, Matis. Austrian Chancellor Visits Israel, Says 'From the River...' Will Be Considered Call to Murder. Hamodia. 25 October 2023 [28 October 2023]. (原始內容存檔於2023-10-30).
- ^ Rajvanshi, Astha. In Europe, Free Speech Is Under Threat For Palestine Supporters. Time. 20 October 2023 [28 October 2023]. (原始內容存檔於2023-10-21).
- ^ Полиция объяснила случившееся на митинге в поддержку Палестины: мы неоднократно говорили о том, чего делать нельзя. [2023-11-14]. (原始內容存檔於2023-11-14).
- ^ Tambur, Silver. Anti-Jewish leaflets distributed in Tallinn, people arrested for chanting Hamas slogans at protest. Estonian World. November 9, 2023. (原始內容存檔於2023-12-22).
- ^ В Баварии запретили пропалестинский лозунг "От реки до моря". [2023-11-14]. (原始內容存檔於2023-11-12).
- ^ Stanovisko NSZ: Závažnější jednání reagující na dění v Izraeli mohou být trestná. [2023-12-01]. (原始內容存檔於2024-03-15) (捷克語).
- ^ СМИ: в Чехии начнут преследовать за использование лозунга палестинских радикалов. [2023-11-16]. (原始內容存檔於2023-11-18) (俄語).
- ^ В Чехии намерены возбуждать уголовные дела за лозунги о свободной Палестине. 15 November 2023 [2023-11-16]. (原始內容存檔於2023-11-18) (俄語).
- ^ Charge stayed against Calgary pro-Palestinian protester who chanted 'from the river to the sea'. National Post. November 17, 2023 [November 19, 2023]. (原始內容存檔於November 19, 2023).
- ^ 美媒:美众院通过决议谴责亲巴勒斯坦口号“从河流到海洋”,认定其“反犹”_美国_福克斯_伊朗. 手機搜狐網. 2024-04-17 [2024-04-22]. (原始內容存檔於2024-04-22).