托爾金和種族
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J·R·R·托爾金中洲系列奇幻作品描述有眾多幻想物種，其中有些概念歷來受人指責，稱其暗含過時的種族觀念。[1][2][3]然而，也有學者認為他受維多利亞式種族觀念影響較深，對文學作品中「怪物」設計亦然，因此不論和平時期或者戰時，托爾金實際都是反對種族主義的。[4][5]
結合19世紀末優生學與懼怕道德沉淪的背景，[6]批評家們相信《魔戒》所述的種族雜交是科學種族主義。[7][8]另有觀點認為，托爾金書中奧克的形態源自戰時針對日本種族的醜化宣傳。[9]此外，有人認為全書具有「道德式」地理設計：良善種族安排在西方，而邪惡勢力位於東方。[10]
與這些猜測相反，托爾金實際上強烈反對納粹種族理論，這可由1938年他寫給出版商的一封信證實，[11][T 1]二戰期間他也強烈反對反德宣傳。[11]人們認為，他筆下中洲的文學設計具備絕對的文化與語言融合特徵，[3]學者也認為針對托爾金的攻擊時常與文中依據相悖。[12][13][14]
![《魔戒：力量之戒》片中，毛腳族霍比特人使用愛爾蘭方言，這與諷喻漫畫家約翰·里奇（英語：John Leech (caricaturist)）筆下愛爾蘭農民形象相仿。[15]](/wiki/File:John_Leech%27s_cartoon_%27Justice_to_Ireland%27.jpg)
註釋
參考文獻
一手文獻
- ^ Carpenter 2023，#29 to Stanley Unwin, #30 to Rütten & Loening, both 25 July 1938
二手文獻
- ^ Yatt, John. Wraiths and Race. The Guardian. 2 December 2002 [25 May 2010]. （原始內容存檔於26 August 2013）.
- ^ Bhatia, Shyam. The Lord of the Rings rooted in racism. Rediff India Abroad. 8 January 2003 [4 December 2010]. （原始內容存檔於3 November 2010）.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 Straubhaar 2004，第101–117頁.
- ^ Fimi, Dimitra. Was Tolkien really racist?. The Conversation. [20 January 2021].
- ^ Fimi, Dimitra. Revisiting Race in Tolkien's Legendarium: Constructing Cultures and Ideologies in an Imaginary World (lecture). Dimitra Fimi. 2012 [20 January 2021].
- ^ Rogers & Underwood 2000，第121–132頁.
- ^ Reid, Robin Anne. Making or Creating Orcs: How Thorinsmut's Free Orcs AU Writes Back to Tolkien. Journal of Tolkien Research. 11 February 2021, 11 (2). article 3.
- ^ Perry, David M. How Can We Untangle White Supremacy From Medieval Studies?. Pacific Standard. [10 October 2021].
- ^ 9.0 9.1 Reid, Robin Anne. Making or Creating Orcs: How Thorinsmut's Free Orcs AU Writes Back to Tolkien. Journal of Tolkien Research. 11 February 2021, 11 (2). article 3.
- ^ Magoun, John F. G. South, The. Drout, Michael D. C. (編). J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia. Routledge: 622–623. 2006. ISBN 1-135-88034-4.
- ^ 11.0 11.1 Rearick, Anderson. Why is the Only Good Orc a Dead Orc? The Dark Face of Racism Examined in Tolkien's World. Modern Fiction Studies. 2004, 50 (4): 866–867. JSTOR 26286382. S2CID 162647975. doi:10.1353/mfs.2005.0008.
- ^ Curry 2004，第30–33頁
- ^ Chism, Christine. Race and Ethnicity in Tolkien's Works. Drout, Michael (編). J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia. 2013: 555–556 [2007].
- ^ Chism, Christine. Racism, Charges of. Michael Drout (編). J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia. 2007.
- ^ Heritage, Stuart. The backlash to rule them all? Every controversy about The Rings of Power so far. The Guardian. 5 September 2022 [5 September 2022].
- Carpenter, Humphrey (編), The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1981, ISBN 0-395-31555-7
- Curry, Patrick. Defending Middle-earth: Tolkien: Myth and Modernity. Houghton Mifflin. 2004: 30–33. ISBN 0-312-17671-6.
- Fimi, Dimitra. Tolkien, Race and Cultural History: From Fairies to Hobbits. Palgrave Macmillan. 2010 [2008]. ISBN 978-0-230-21951-9. OCLC 222251097.
- Lobdell, Jared. The World of the Rings. Open Court. 2004: 116. ISBN 978-0-87548-303-0.
- Rogers, William N. II; Underwood, Michael R. Gagool and Gollum: Exemplars of Degeneration in King Solomon's Mines and The Hobbit. Sir George Clark (編). J.R.R. Tolkien and His Literary Resonances: Views of Middle-earth. Greenwood Publishing Group. 2000: 121–132. ISBN 978-0-313-30845-1.
- Scull, Christina; Hammond, Wayne G. The J.R.R. Tolkien Companion Guide: Chronology. Houghton Mifflin. 2006. ISBN 978-0-618-39102-8.
- Straubhaar, Sandra Ballif. Myth, Late Roman History, and Multiculturalism in Tolkien's Middle-Earth. Chance, Jane (編). Tolkien and the invention of myth: a reader. University Press of Kentucky. 2004. ISBN 978-0-8131-2301-1.
- Stuart, Robert. Tolkien, Race, and Racism in Middle-earth. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan. 2022. ISBN 978-3-030-97475-6. OCLC 1312274691. S2CID 248207455. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-97475-6.
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