磨齒獸科
磨齒獸科 | |
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| 哈倫氏副磨齒獸（P. harlani）全身骨骼化石，展示於美國德克薩斯大學奧斯汀分校德克薩斯州科學與自然歷史博物館 | |
科學分類 
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| 界： | 動物界 Animalia |
| 門： | 脊索動物門 Chordata |
| 綱： | 哺乳綱 Mammalia |
| 目： | 披毛目 Pilosa |
| 亞目： | 食葉亞目 Folivora |
| 總科： | 磨齒獸總科 Mylodontoidea |
| 科： | †磨齒獸科 Mylodontidae Ameghino, 1889 |
| 子群 | |
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磨齒獸科（學名：Mylodontidae），又稱磨齒懶科，是已滅絕的地懶，生存於2,300萬至11,000年前的北美洲及南美洲[2]。磨齒獸科與同樣已滅絕的陵角懶科，以及現存樹棲性的二趾樹懶科為近親，三者均屬於磨齒獸總科。磨齒獸科與陵角懶科之間的親緣關係證據主要是來自種系發生學及形態學分析，甚至有部分較早期的研究會將陵角懶科置於磨齒獸科下[3]。而磨齒獸科與二趾樹懶科之間的親緣關係證據則仰賴線粒體DNA[4][5]及膠原蛋白胺基酸序列的分析研究[6]。後者分析顯示二趾樹懶科比起二趾樹懶科，與磨齒獸科的親緣關係更為接近。此外，同樣仍未滅絕的樹懶科（包含已知的4種三趾樹懶）則是屬於親緣關係較遠的大地懶總科[5][6]。
由於在洞穴中同時發現人類與地懶的遺骸，包括了數量不少的毛髮、皮膚、糞便等亞化石，科學家最初認為這些早期的人類會建造畜欄來豢養這些地懶[7]。然而，放射性碳定年法分析顯示人類及地懶生存於洞穴的時間並未有重疊[8]。磨齒獸科是目前已知確認具有皮內成骨的地懶，但僅有部分屬具有此特徵，其中就包括了磨齒獸屬、副磨齒獸屬及舌懶獸屬，其他屬則缺乏[9]。
系統發生樹
本系統發生樹係根據膠原蛋白及線粒體DNA序列分析[6]：
| 食葉亞目 Folivora |
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參考文獻
- ^ Rincón, Ascanio D.; Solórzano, Andrés; McDonald, H. Gregory; Flores, Mónica Núñez. Baraguatherium takumara, Gen. et Sp. Nov., the Earliest Mylodontoid Sloth (Early Miocene) from Northern South America. Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 7 April 2016, 24 (2): 179–191. S2CID 23667414. doi:10.1007/s10914-016-9328-y.
- ^ http://paleodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?action=checkTaxonInfo&taxon_no=43629&is_real_user=1Mylodontidae: Paleobiology Database 互聯網檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2012-10-13.
- ^ Gaudin, T. J. The Ear Region of Edentates and the Phylogeny of the Tardigrada (Mammalia, Xenarthra). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 1995-09-14, 15 (3): 672–705. Bibcode:1995JVPal..15..672G. JSTOR 4523658. doi:10.1080/02724634.1995.10011255.
- ^ Hoss, Matthias; Dilling, Amrei; Currant, Andrew; Paabo, Svante. Molecular phylogeny of the extinct ground sloth Mylodon darwinii. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 9 Jan 1996, 93 (1): 181–185. Bibcode:1996PNAS...93..181H. PMC 40202
. PMID 8552600. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.1.181 .
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Delsuc, F.; Kuch, M.; Gibb, G. C.; Karpinski, E.; Hackenberger, D.; Szpak, P.; Martínez, J. G.; Mead, J. I.; McDonald, H. G.; MacPhee, R.D.E.; Billet, G.; Hautier, L.; Poinar, H. N. Ancient Mitogenomes Reveal the Evolutionary History and Biogeography of Sloths. Current Biology. 2019, 29 (12): 2031–2042.e6 [2024-04-18]. PMID 31178321. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.05.043 . hdl:11336/136908 . （原始內容存檔於2022-03-23）.
- ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Presslee, S.; Slater, G. J.; Pujos, F.; Forasiepi, A. M.; Fischer, R.; Molloy, K.; et al. Palaeoproteomics resolves sloth relationships (PDF). Nature Ecology & Evolution. 2019, 3 (7): 1121–1130 [18 September 2020]. Bibcode:2019NatEE...3.1121P. PMID 31171860. S2CID 174813630. doi:10.1038/s41559-019-0909-z. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於12 September 2020）.
- ^ Woodward (1900)
- ^ Naish, Darren. Fossils explained 51: Sloths. Geology Today. 28 Nov 2005, 21 (6): 232–238 [2009-01-29]. S2CID 85808869. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2451.2005.00538.x.
- ^ McDonald, H. Gregory. An Overview of the Presence of Osteoderms in Sloths: Implications for Osteoderms as a Plesiomorphic Character of the Xenarthra. Journal of Mammalian Evolution. December 2018, 25 (4): 485–493. ISSN 1064-7554. S2CID 254697023. doi:10.1007/s10914-017-9415-8 （英語）.
參考書目
- Woodward, A.S. (1900): On some remains of Grypotherium (Neomylodon) listai and associated mammals from a cavern near Consuelo Cove, Last Hope Inlet. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1900(5): 64–79.
延伸閱讀
- Brandoni, Diego; Scillato Yané, Gustavo J.; Miño Boilini, Ángel R.; Favotti, Emmanuel. Los Tardigrada (Mammalia, Xenarthra) de Argentina: diversidad, evolución y biogeografía (PDF). Contribuciones del MACN. 2016, _: 263–274 [2018-10-08]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2024-06-06）.
- Cuvier, G. (1796): Notice sur le squelette d'une très grande espèce de quadrupède inconnue jusqu'à présent, trouvé au Paraguay, et déposé au cabinet d'histoire naturelle de Madrid. Magasin encyopédique, ou Journal des Sciences, des Lettres et des Arts (1): 303–310; (2): 227–228.
- De Iuliis, G. & Cartelle, C. (1999): A new giant megatheriine ground sloth (Mammalia: Xenarthra: Megatheriidae) from the late Blancan to early Irvingtonian of Florida. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 127(4): 495–515.
- Harrington, C.R. (1993): Yukon Beringia Interpretive Center - Jefferson's Ground Sloth. Retrieved 2008-JAN-24.
- Hogan, C.M. (2008): Cueva del Milodon, Megalithic Portal （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）. Retrieved 2008-APR-13
- Kurtén, Björn and Anderson, Elaine (1980): Pleistocene Mammals of North America. Columbia University Press, New York. ISBN 0-231-03733-3
- McKenna, Malcolm C. & Bell, Susan K. (1997): Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. Columbia University Press, New York. ISBN 0-231-11013-8
- Nowak, R.M. (1999): Walker's Mammals of the World (Vol. 2). Johns Hopkins University Press, London.
- White, J.L. (1993): Indicators of locomotor habits in Xenarthrans: Evidence for locomotor heterogeneity among fossil sloths. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 13(2): 230–242.
- White, J.L.; MacPhee, R.D.E. The sloths of the West Indies: a systematic and phylogenetic review. Woods, C.A.; Sergile, F.E. (編). Biogeography of the West Indies: Patterns and Perspectives. Boca Raton, London, New York, and Washington, D.C.: CRC Press. 2001: 201–235. ISBN 978-0-8493-2001-9. doi:10.1201/9781420039481-14.
外部連結
- Sloth World: An Online Sloth Bibliography
- Picture and information about a ground sloth skeleton on display at the University of Georgia's Science Library
- Academy of Natural Sciences ground sloth page
- Illinois State Museum ground sloth page （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
- Ground sloths at La Brea
- Eremotherium in Florida
- Have some ground sloths survived in Argentina? （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
- Ground sloths in general
- Western Center for Archaeology and Paleontology （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） Hemet, CA
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