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紡綞鰤

維基百科，自由的百科全書
紡綞鰤
科學分類 編輯
界： 動物界 Animalia
門： 脊索動物門 Chordata
綱： 輻鰭魚綱 Actinopteri
目： 鰺形目 Carangiformes
科： 鰺科 Carangidae
屬： 紡綞鰤屬 Elagatis
種：
紡綞鰤 E. bipinnulata
二名法
Elagatis bipinnulata
Quoy & Gaimard, 1825
異名
  • Seriola bipinnulata
    Quoy & Gaimard, 1825
  • Elagatis bipinnulatus
    Quoy & Gaimard, 1825
  • Irex indicus
    Valenciennes, 1862
  • Seriolichthys bipinnulatus
    Quoy & Gaimard, 1825
  • Micropteryx bipinnulatus
    Quoy & Gaimard, 1825

紡綞鰤（學名：Elagatis bipinnulata）又稱雙帶鰺，俗名西班牙鰺、虹鰤、夏威夷鮭、海草、拉侖，為輻鰭魚綱鱸形目鱸亞目鰺科的其中一個種。

物種命名

紡錘鰤於1825年由法國博物學家讓·勒內·康斯特·蓋伊和約瑟夫·保羅·蓋瑪德（英語：约瑟夫·保罗·盖玛德）正式描述，正模標本產自印度洋馬來群島海域[2]。彼時命名人認為此種魚應屬於鰤屬，故將其命名為 Seriola bipinnulata。1831年，美國博物學家路易·阿加西將其拆至新屬Micropteryx[3]，但由於此屬名已被用於小翅蛾屬（英語：Micropterix）故未能得到接受[4]。至1840年，英國生物學家弗雷德里克·德貝爾·本內特（英語：Frederick Debell Bennett）在他的捕鯨航海日誌中將紡錘鰤劃入新創建的紡錘鰤屬Elagatis，此分類維持至今[5]。該屬名源自希臘語中的「紡錘」一詞[6]。本內特同時還將該種魚的種加詞改為「bipinnulatus」，但由於該詞與屬名的性不同並未得到採納[7]。

物種分類

紡錘鰤為單型種。形態與分子證據均認為紡錘鰤與鰤屬魚類關係密切，二者互為姐妹群[8]。

外貌描述

印度尼西亞摩羅泰島外海的一條紡錘鰤，注意其兩道橫貫全身的淺藍色窄帶

紡錘鰤頭部長而尖，尾鰭根部狹窄，形如紡錘[9]。紡錘鰤背部為深橄欖色至深綠色，向下逐漸變淺，最終在腹部變成純白色。該魚有兩道水平貫穿全身的淺藍色窄帶，這兩道色帶之間為橄欖色至黃色[10]。該魚有背鰭兩片，第一片一般有6根硬棘，第二片則有1根硬棘和25—30根軟鰭條，其中最後2根軟鰭條特化成獨立的小鰭。約有4%的紡錘鰤孵化時缺少一根硬棘[11] 。其臀鰭有2根硬棘和18—22根軟條，其中最靠前的1根硬棘和最後方的2根軟條亦特化成獨立的小鰭[12]。紡錘鰤的背鰭與臀鰭相當低矮，且前者遠大於後者。該魚胸鰭相比其他鰺科魚類而言較小，大約與腹鰭等大，且不呈鐮刀型，共有軟條20根。其腹鰭有1根硬棘和5根分叉的軟條。紡錘鰤尾深叉，有上9下8共17根軟條[11]。 紡錘鰤側線前端略呈拱形，無盾鱗（英語：Scute），其上共有約100枚鱗片[13]。該魚共有脊椎骨24節[12]。

紡錘鰤的最大體長目前尚有爭議：大部分資料都認為該魚最大體長在107—120厘米之間[9][13][12]，但古巴科學院（西班牙語：Academia de Ciencias de Cuba）稱紡錘鰤可長到180厘米[14]。目前紡錘鰤最重的實測記錄為17千克[15]。

分佈

紡錘鰤廣泛分佈於全世界的熱帶水域以及部分亞熱帶水域[13]：在西大西洋，該魚的分佈範圍北至美國馬薩諸塞州，南至巴西東北部，包括墨西哥灣以及巴哈馬群島、百慕達、大安的列斯群島、小安的列斯群島等島礁水域[12]，向東可達馬卡羅尼西亞[16][17]；該魚在太平洋亦有相當廣泛的分佈，但在印度洋安得拉邦近海卻相對罕見[18]。紡錘鰤在地中海偶有出沒，但無穩定種群。這些個體可能源自馬卡羅尼西亞的種群，或是通過雷賽布遷移自蘇伊士運河進入地中海[16][19]。

生態與習性

紡錘鰤會進行長距離洄游。與金槍魚等其他洄游性魚類一樣，紡錘鰤肌肉組織中二十二碳六烯酸含量異常高，這可能是由於該魚一般不在肌肉中儲存脂肪[20]。其在洄游時常跟隨大團的馬尾藻[21]。

棲息地

群游的紡錘鰤

紡錘鰤主要棲息於海洋中上層，深度一般不會超過164米[22]。該魚有時會出沒於開闊水域，但更常見於岩礁和珊瑚礁上方[18]，且可能在大陸架邊緣形成龐大的魚群[23]。紡錘鰤的魚苗可能會進入河口灣以躲避天敵[24]。此外，該魚常跟隨漂浮物活動[25]。

食性

紡錘鰤為追擊捕食者，其主要獵物為小型魚類，也會捕食頭足類、甲殼類以及海黽（英語：Halobates）[26][27]。西太平洋水域的個體最常取食細鱗圓鰺[28]，加勒比海和中大西洋水域的個體分別偏好寬帶任氏鯡[29]和黑鰭飛魚[30]，而幾內亞灣的個體則主要捕食短體小沙丁魚和對蝦[31]。此外，該魚有時會與其他掠食性魚類一同捕食成群的獵物[32]

天敵

砂拉越海豚會捕食成年的紡錘鰤[33]。紡錘鰤的魚苗則是諸多大型魚類的獵物，包括鐮狀真鯊、黃鰭金槍魚、西福氏石斑魚、條斑鱗鮨、黃敏尾笛鯛、喬氏笛鯛、長鰭鰤、闊步鰺、帶紋普提魚和海鱔[32]。

生命周期

不同水域的紡錘鰤繁殖季節略有不同，古巴水域的個體在每年春季至早秋繁殖[34]，而在水溫高於27℃水域的個體則全年均可繁殖，但仍存在一定季節性，如西太平洋水域的個體主要在5月和12月至次年1月繁殖[28]。該魚一般會洄游至赤道附近水域繁殖[35]。繁殖時，紡錘鰤會將精子和卵子灑在海水中令其受精[36]。紡錘鰤的魚苗隨後會借洋流洄游至沿岸地區[35]。雌性紡錘鰤大約在體長65厘米時性成熟[28]，而雄性紡錘鰤的性成熟體長則由於其性腺發育情況複雜而難以得出定論[37]。

與人類的關係

作為食用魚

紡錘鰤可食用[9]。密克羅尼西亞卡平阿馬朗伊環礁和努庫奧羅環礁的島民早在3000年前就已開始通過魚叉和圍網捕捉紡錘鰤，但由於其捕撈難度極大該魚並非當地人的主要漁獲。即便如此，該魚仍在當地文化中有重要地位，許多民謠和傳說均以捕捉紡錘鰤為主題[38]。針對紡錘鰤的商業捕撈稀少，但捕撈金槍魚或鯊魚的漁船常意外捕獲此魚[39]。菲律賓、哥倫比亞等國也有針對紡錘鰤的小規模捕撈作業[1][40]。捕得的紡錘鰤一般直接出售，也可製成醃魚以及凍魚[9]。紡錘鰤肉為淡粉色，肉質硬而油膩[41]。維爾京群島曾有一例因食用此魚導致西加魚毒中毒的病例[9]。

作為游釣魚

紡錘鰤可作游釣魚，在美國西海岸近海頗受歡迎[42]。小魚、魷魚、章魚或切片魚肉均可作為魚餌[43]，而潛餌、浮餌和飛蠅餌等各種路亞也有效[44]。紡錘鰤本身亦可作為垂釣旗魚或是金槍魚的餌料[45]。

種群現狀

目前紡錘鰤種群龐大，在許多熱帶水域均是最常見的魚類之一，加之缺少大規模的商業捕撈，該魚所面臨的風險極低，IUCN將其評為無危

參考文獻

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Elagatis bipinnulata
Seriola bipinnulata
取自 "https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=紡綞鰤&oldid=83516002"