自由黨團
自由黨團 Freedom Caucus | |
---|---|
主席 | 鮑勃·古德 |
副主席 | 占·佐敦 |
成立 | 2015年1月26日 |
分裂自 | 美國眾議院共和黨研究委員會 |
意識形態 | |
政治立場 | |
國內組織 | 共和黨 |
眾議院共和黨會議 | 45 / 222 |
聯邦眾議院 | 45 / 435 |
州上議院 | 19 / 1,987 |
州下議院 | 76 / 5,413 |
官方網站 | |
競選網站 州自由黨團網絡 | |
美國政治 政黨 · 選舉 |
自由黨團(英語:Freedom Caucus,又譯自由核心小組),亦被稱為眾議院自由黨團(英語:House Freedom Caucus),是在美國國會中,由保守派共和黨聯邦眾議員組成的國會議員核心小組,通常被視為眾議院共和黨會議中最保守且最右翼的團體。[1][2][3][4][5]該核心小組成立於2015年1月,其創建者為保守派茶黨運動成員[6][7],目的是將共和黨推向右翼。[2]自由黨團的首任主席占·佐敦將其形容為「更小但更有凝聚力、更靈活且更活躍」的保守派眾議員團體。[8]
自由黨團在政治光譜上的定位為右翼[9]乃至極右翼[10],其中一些成員則持有右翼民粹主義立場[11][12],例如反對移民政策改革。[13]該團體採取強硬的保守主義立場,支持社會保守主義和小政府[14][15],並多次尋求廢除平價醫療法案。[16]作為原先由美國眾議院共和黨研究委員會分出的保守派成員團體,自由黨團起初主張財政保守主義並憂心於眾議院現行規則,因此提倡削減預算及眾議院權力下放。[17][18]而到了後來,自由黨團成為了當勞·特朗普的忠實擁躉。[17][19]誠如Politico所言,該小組「更多的是民族主義及民粹主義,而非受政策原則之約束」。[20]這一團體中還包括一些自由意志主義共和黨人。[21][22]該核心小組通過政治行動委員會和眾議院自由基金支持眾議院候選人。[23][24]
歷史
自由黨團起源於2015年1月中旬在賓夕凡尼亞州赫爾希舉行的一場共和黨國會非正式會議。[25]根據創始成員麥克·馬瓦尼的說法,「這是我們首次決定聚在一起成立一個團體,而非僅僅只是生悶氣。」[26]因此九名共和黨聯邦眾議員決定在美國眾議院共和黨研究委員會以及眾議院共和黨會議以外成立一個新的核心小組,其第一屆董事會的創始成員分別是新澤西州的史葛·葛瑞特、俄亥俄州的占·佐敦、路易斯安納州的約翰·弗萊明、亞利桑那州的邵建隆、密芝根州的賈斯汀·阿馬什、愛達荷州的勞爾·拉布拉多、南卡羅萊納州的馬瓦尼、佛羅里達州的朗·迪桑提斯以及北卡羅萊納州的馬克·米道斯。[27]
馬瓦尼還曾和《紐約客》記者瑞安·利扎說,「我們為這個新團體想了20個名字,但它們都不夠好。我其實並不喜歡『自由黨團』這個名字,它還是太過平庸了,不過我也沒能找到反對這個名字的理由。」根據利扎的說法,該小組成員還曾考慮過「理性的瘋子核心小組」這個名字。[26][28]
在2015年美國國土安全部資金危機期間,自由黨團共提出了四項解決方案,但都遭到了共和黨領導層否決。作為核心小組領導人之一的勞爾·拉布拉多表示,自由黨團將會提供被最保守的共和黨人所接受的替代方案。[29]
反對眾議院議長約翰·博納
自由黨團在成立之初就宣佈,本小組的加入條件是反對約翰·博納擔任眾議院議長,並通過投票阻撓其提出的被自由黨團所反對之立法。[30]
自由黨團成功促使博納於2015年9月25日辭職,並參與了隨後的議長選舉。[31]投票反對博納擔任議長的核心小組成員認為自己受到了不公正的對待,這是因為很多成員被免去了在研究委員會以及核心小組中的職務。[32][33]博納發現在保守派共和黨人的反對之下,管理眾議院的共和黨人似乎成為了一項艱巨的任務。早在2013年時,博納就因這些人主張通過關停政府來廢除《平價醫療法案》與之發生過爭執,而這些人最終於2015年加入了眾議院自由黨團。[30][34][35][36]
在博納宣佈辭去議長職位後,眾議院多數黨領袖奇雲·麥卡錫成為了接替他的主要競選者,不過自由黨團拒絕支持麥卡錫。[37]麥卡錫最終於2015年10月8日退出了競選,而在此之前不久他曾暗示班加西事件的調查是為了打擊希拉里·克林頓的支持率。[38][39]在麥卡錫宣佈退選後不久,里德·里布爾退出了自由黨團。他聲稱他之所以加入該小組是為了促進某些政策的執行,並反對其在議長選舉中所起到的作用。[40]
保羅·瑞安於2015年10月20日發表聲明稱自己能否當選議長取決於是否獲得自由黨團的官方背書[41],雖然最終未能達到官方背書所需的80%支持率,但該小組還是於2015年10月21日宣佈小組內的絕大多數成員都支持瑞安。[42]2015年10月29日,瑞安成功接替了博納的眾議院議長職務。[43]
2017年10月30日,《名利場》雜誌刊登了對約翰·博納的採訪。在談到自由黨團時,博納批評稱:「他們不會告訴你他們的目的是什麼,他們只會告訴你他們所反對一切。他們就是一群無政府主義者,試圖將一切都推倒重來,這就是他們的心態。」[44]
2016年的反撲
在2016年選舉時,自由黨團受到了共和黨建制派的激烈反撲。[45]作為其成員之一的堪薩斯州第一國會選區聯邦眾議員添·許爾斯卡普在共和黨初選中被羅渣·馬紹爾擊敗,從而失去了共和黨提名。[46]
特朗普任內
麥克·馬瓦尼在特朗普當選後曾說:「特朗普想要顛覆華盛頓,這是他的第一個信號,也是他勝利的信號。這也正是我們所要做的。我們會幫助他說服共和黨人改變華盛頓,我們將會成為他在眾議院的重要盟友。」[47]而核心小組的副主席占·佐敦聲稱在特朗普任內,核心小組的工作重點將會從通過立法轉變為替總統辯護。[48]
2017年拒絕美國醫療保健法案
2017年3月24日,用於替代平價醫療法案的美國醫療保健法案由於票數不足而被眾議院議長保羅·瑞安撤回。造成這一狀況的原因之一是由於自由黨團成員的反對,在他們看來,新推出的法案未能廢除平價醫療法案中的某些要素。[49][50][51]
兩天後,特朗普總統就此事公開批評了包括自由黨團在內的幾個右翼團體,其中還包括增長俱樂部以及美國遺產行動。他在推特上稱,「華盛頓的民主黨人肯定會大笑,居然是自由黨團在增長俱樂部和美國遺產行動的幫助下拯救了奧巴馬醫改。」[52][53]而就在同一天,來自德薩斯州的國會議員泰德·波伊辭去了自由黨團中的職務。[54] 2017年3月30日,特朗普向自由黨團「宣戰」,並發推稱如果他們不支持自己的醫保法案,希望有共和黨人在2018年中期選舉中「打敗他們」。[55]對此,賈斯汀·阿馬什譴責特朗普「屈服於華盛頓特區的建制派」。[56]
不過後來特朗普和自由黨團主席馬克·米道斯建立了更密切的關係。[57]2018年4月,特朗普又稱讚米道斯、占·佐敦以及朗·迪桑提斯為「絕對的勇士」,這是因為他們在特別顧問調查期間肯為特朗普辯護。[58]
第一次彈劾特朗普期間
2019年五月,自由黨團對其成員賈斯汀·阿馬什進行了官方譴責,這是因為他在特朗普-烏克蘭醜聞中呼籲彈劾特朗普。[59]阿馬什於同年6月宣佈退出自由黨團,並於晚些時候退出共和黨轉投自由意志黨。[60][61]
在對特朗普進行彈劾調查以及進行第一次彈劾期間,自由黨團成員一直是其主要的辯護人。[62][63]
米道斯被任命為白宮幕僚長和批評利茲·切尼
2020年3月,前自由黨團主席馬克·米道斯被任命為白宮幕僚長,隨後由同為自由黨團創始成員的麥克·馬瓦尼接任核心小組主席。[64]
由於利茲·切尼經常就外交政策、COVID-19防疫以及社交媒體使用等議題批評特朗普,因此自由黨團成員呼籲切尼辭去眾議院共和黨會議職務。切尼最終於2021年5月12日被解僱,兩天後由埃莉斯·史蒂芬尼克接任其職。[65]
2020年擬定國防授權法
2020年12月,自由黨團和特朗普一道反對國防授權法,理由是該法案沒有廢除第230節的規定。[66]
在試圖推翻2020年總統選舉和特朗普第二次彈劾案中發揮的作用
在特朗普輸掉2020年總統選舉之後,自由黨團的很多成員支持特朗普推翻此次選舉。2020年12月初,包括部分自由黨團成員在內的20多位共和黨人致信特朗普,要求他命令司法部長威廉·巴爾任命司法部特別檢察官調查選舉中存在的違規行為,而在此之前巴爾不認為此次選舉存在違規行為。[67]隨後幾名自由黨團成員在特朗普的白宮會見了官員,討論了在2021年美國選舉人團計票期間推翻選舉結果的方法。[68]自由黨團大多不同意對特朗普已確定輸掉的州進行計票。[69]在第二次特朗普彈劾案期間,自由黨團的領導層及其成員要求支持彈劾的利茲·切尼辭去眾議院共和黨會議主席一職。[70][71][72]
2021年至今
美國優先核心小組和MAGA小隊
2021年4月,由保羅·戈薩爾和瑪喬麗·泰勒·格林領導的自由黨團部分成員試圖和馬特·蓋茨一道成立一個名為「美國優先核心小組」的新團體。據報道,這一試圖分裂自由黨團的提案引發其高級成員的不滿,肯·巴克甚至還公開譴責了這一提案。[73] 因此,「美國優先核心小組」最終胎死腹中。[74]
不過到了後來,自由黨團中出現了由特朗普支持者組成的派系,名曰「MAGA小隊」,其成員有戈薩爾、格林、蓋茨、麥迪遜·考索恩、路易·戈莫特、莫·布魯克斯、安迪·比格斯、史葛·佩里以及勞倫·波伯特。MAGA小隊並非正式的核心小組,但相較於自由黨團的其他成員而言觀點更為激進。[75][76][77]在2022年選舉期間,該小組成員甚至主張在初選中向其他共和黨眾議員發起挑戰。[78]
州自由黨團網絡
2021年12月,自由黨團擴張到了州一級,並在多個州的議會建立「州自由黨團網絡」,旨在為各州議員提供額外政治資源。[79]目前州自由黨團網絡在亞利桑那州、愛達荷州、佐治亞州、南卡羅萊納州、密西西比州、南達科他州、蒙大拿州、懷俄明州、賓夕凡尼亞州和伊利諾州設有州議會黨團。[80]
除了上述隸屬於州自由黨團網絡的州議會黨團以外,還有其他若干個州存在着自稱為「州級自由黨團」的團體,其中包括包括德薩斯州[81]、新罕布什爾州[82]、北卡羅萊納州[83]、佐治亞州[84]、華盛頓州[85]以及密芝根州。[86]
尊重婚姻法案
2022年7月,自由黨團就攸關於同性婚姻的《尊重婚姻法案》發生了分歧。自由黨團主席史葛·佩里和其他46位共和黨聯邦眾議員(以及全部民主黨聯邦眾議員)主張通過該法案(不過佩里最終還是投了反對票),但核心小組的其他成員皆反對通過該法案,並採取官方立場敦促參議院的共和黨人阻止此項法案。[87]當自由黨團內有80%以上的成員支持某項立法時,此決定將成為小組的官方立場。[87]
2023年聯邦眾議院議長選舉
在2022年聯邦眾議院選舉中,共和黨以微弱的優勢贏得了多數席位,並於2023年初開始新一屆國會。自由黨團成員積極參與了後續的議長選舉,但就是否支持奇雲·麥卡錫擔任議長的問題發生了分歧。[88]在眾議院共和黨內部選舉之前,自由黨團就提出了一系列要求以削弱議長權利,並增加核心小組和普通共和黨議員的權利,從而進一步改變眾議院的議程。[89]其中包括恢復「罷免動議」以降低議長罷免之門檻、允許僅10%的眾議院共和黨會議成員強制對任何修正案進行表決,從而降低議長權利。此外還包括將哈斯特爾特規則寫入法典,從而阻止除多數黨(共和黨)所提立法以外的其他立法。[89]
在共和黨議長初選中,奇雲·麥卡錫通過無記名投票以188∶31的得票數擊敗了自由黨團前主席安迪·比格斯(還有五人投給了其他人)成功獲得共和黨提名。[90][91][92][93]不過麥卡錫亦獲得了部分自由黨團成員的背書,其中包括副主席占·佐敦[94]、大衛·斯維科特[95]以及瑪喬麗·泰勒·格林。[96]核心小組成員拜倫·當勞茲則參選眾議院共和黨會議一職,但輸給了現任主席埃莉斯·史蒂芬尼克[97],而另一核心小組成員安德魯·克萊德則在共和黨會議秘書選舉中輸給了麗莎·麥克萊恩。[98]
在2023年1月的議長選舉中,麥卡錫需要取得218票。[91]在麥卡錫贏得共和黨內部提名後,很多自由黨團成員直言不諱的對其表示了支持,其中包括麥卡錫的前競爭對手占·佐敦[99],之後佐敦成為了司法委員會主席。[100]此外瑪喬麗·泰勒·格林亦支持麥卡錫,並稱除麥卡錫以外的任何其他人選都不夠右翼。[100]不過亦有很多自由黨團成員反對麥卡錫,其中有五位成員明確表示不會投給麥卡錫,但亦沒有就具體支持誰達成一致。[100][101][99]此外還有不少自由黨團成員沒有明確表示支持或反對,而是希望從中尋求讓步。[100][101]由於共和黨人在眾議院僅存在微弱優勢,因此除非麥卡錫獲得近乎絕對共和黨人的支持,否則無法獲得絕對多數票。[93][101]麥卡錫警告共和黨內部的反對者,如果共和黨人沒有全部團結在其周圍,很有可能會導致民主黨人最終當選議長一職。[92]2022年12月,包括自由黨團主席史葛·佩里以及其他幾位核心小組成員在內的七名強硬派共和黨人發表了一封公開信,要求議長做出幾點承諾。信中所提到的要求與核心小組在2022年夏天所提如出一轍,其中包括增加自由黨團成員在各委員會的任職數量、禁止眾議院共和黨領導層和眾議院共和黨領導層政治行動委員會參與初選,以及恢復任何一名議員即可提案對議長解職的罷免動議。[100]在2023年議長選舉中,有19位自由黨團成員在第一輪選舉中反對麥卡錫[102],不過在麥卡錫做出讓步後獲得了核心小組的支持,並最終成功當選議長。[103]但同年10月,麥卡錫引起自由黨團的不滿而被其發動的罷免動議解職。
領導層
自由黨團當前主席為史葛·佩里,副主席為占·佐敦。2022年1月,眾議員勞倫·波伯特當選通訊主席,禾倫·大衛森當選黨鞭,而奇普·羅伊則當選政策主席。[104]
主席 | 任期開始 | 任期結束 | 任職時間 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 占·佐敦 | 2015年2月11日 | 2017年1月3日 | 1年327天 | |
2 | 馬克·米道斯 | 2017年1月3日[105] | 2019年10月1日 | 2年271天 | |
3 | 安迪·比格斯 | 2019年10月1日[106] | 2022年1月1日 | 2年92天 | |
4 | 史葛·佩里 | 2022年1月1日 | 2024年1月1日[107] | 2年320天 | |
5 | 鮑勃·古德 | 2024年1月1日 | 現任[108] | 320天 |
成員
會員政策
眾議院自由黨團不透露其成員的姓名,成員資格僅通過邀請獲得。[109][110]根據《紐約時報》在2015年10月的說法,自由黨團通常在當地一家酒吧的地下室而非在國會大廈開會。[111]作為一個政治團體,一旦某項決定得到其中80%成員支持,那麼此項決定便成為核心小組的官方立場,因此該小組在整個眾議院共和黨人中具有強大的影響力。[2]
歷次成員數量
由於核心小組不會公佈完整的成員名單,因此每個選舉周期開始時已知的成員數量如下所列。
選舉年 | 在所有席位 | 在共和黨席位中 | ± |
---|---|---|---|
2016年 | 29 / 435
|
29 / 241
|
新成立 |
2018年 | 30 / 435
|
30 / 199
|
▲ 1 |
2020年 | 45 / 435
|
45 / 213
|
▲ 15 |
2022年 | 46 / 435
|
46 / 222
|
▲ 1 |
當前成員
已經有很多成員承認自己屬於自由黨團,截至2023年1月[update],已知有46位成員加入了這一核心小組,具體名單如下:
前成員
- 密芝根州的賈斯汀·阿馬什(2019年離開核心小組)[60]
- 德薩斯州的拜仁·巴賓(2017年離開核心小組)[155]
- 德薩斯州的喬·巴頓(2018年退休)[156]
- 愛荷華州的羅德·布拉姆(於2018年連任失敗)[138]
- 維珍尼亞的戴夫·布拉特(於2018年連任失敗)[157]
- 奧克拉荷馬州的占·布里登斯廷(於2018年辭職成為NASA局長)[158]
- 阿拉巴馬州的莫·布魯克斯[159](2022年退休參選聯邦參議員,但未成功)
- 北卡羅萊納州的泰德·巴德(2022年時退休參選參議員,但未成功)
- 北卡羅萊納州的麥迪遜·考索恩(2022年初選中被擊敗)[160]
- 佛羅里達州的科特·克勞森(2016年退休)[161]
- 佛羅里達州的朗·迪桑提斯[136](2018年退休並成功當選佛羅里達州州長)
- 路易斯安那州的約翰·弗萊明(2016年退選後參選聯邦參議員,但未獲得提名)[162]
- 新澤西州的史葛·葛瑞特(2016年連任失敗)[136]
- 維珍尼亞州的小湯馬士·蓋瑞特(2018年退休)[163]
- 德薩斯州的路易·戈莫特(2022年退休參選德薩斯州總檢察長,但未成功)[164]
- 佐治亞州的瑪喬麗·泰勒·格林(於2023年遭除名)[165]
- 新墨西哥州的伊薇特·赫雷爾(2022年連任失敗)
- 佐治亞州的約迪·希斯(2022年退休參選州務卿,但未成功)[166]
- 堪薩斯州的添·許爾斯卡普(2016年初選中被擊敗)[167]
- 賓夕凡尼亞州的弗雷德·凱勒(2022年退休)
- 愛達荷州的勞爾·拉布拉多(2018年退休參選愛達荷州州長,但未成功)[136]
- 科羅拉多州的道格·蘭博恩(2016年離開核心小組)[168]
- 佐治亞州的巴瑞·勞德米爾克(第115屆國會時未再更新會員資格)[166][169]
- 懷俄明州的辛西婭·拉米斯(2016年退休)[170]
- 加利福尼亞州的湯·麥克林托克(2015年離開核心小組)[158]
- 北卡羅萊納州的馬克·米道斯(2020年辭職成為白宮幕僚長)[136][109]
- 南卡羅萊納州的麥克·馬瓦尼(2017年辭職成為美國行政管理預算局局長)[136]
- 加利福尼亞州的德溫·努涅斯(2022年成為特朗普媒體與科技集團CEO)
- 新墨西哥州的史提夫·皮雅斯(2018年退休參選州長,但未成功)[170]
- 德薩斯州的泰德·波伊(2017年離開核心小組)[171]
- 威斯康星州的里德·里布爾(2015年離開核心小組)[40]
- 維珍尼亞州的丹佛·里格曼(2020年初選中被擊敗)[172]
- 加利福尼亞州的達納·羅拉巴克(2018年連任失敗)[173][174]
- 賓夕凡尼亞州的凱斯·羅斯福斯(2016年離開核心小組)[175][176]
- 亞利桑那州的邵建隆(2016年退休)[136]
- 南卡羅萊納州的馬克·桑福德(2018年初選中被擊敗)[138]
- 亞利桑那州的大衛·斯維科特(2023年離開核心小組)[177]
- 印第安納州的穆林·斯圖茨曼(2016年退休參選參議員,但未獲得提名)[138]
- 德薩斯州的羅恩·賴特(2021年逝世)[178]
- 佛羅里達州的泰德·約霍(2020年退休)[179]
延伸閱讀
- Green, Matthew (2019). Legislative Hardball: The House Freedom Caucus and the Power of Threat-Making in Congress. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
參考文獻
- ^ Carl, Jeremy. The Freedom Caucus Is a Rebellion That Could Change the GOP's Future. 2015-10-13 [2017-03-31]. (原始內容存檔於2018-12-13).
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Desilver, Drew. House Freedom Caucus: What is it, and who's in it?. Pew Research Center. 2015-10-20 [2021-02-07]. (原始內容存檔於2021-02-27) (美國英語).
- ^ Ethier, Beth. House Conservatives Form "Freedom Caucus" as Right-Wing Rebellion Continues. Slate Magazine. 2015-01-26 [2021-07-08]. (原始內容存檔於2021-07-11) (英語).
- ^ Fox, Lauren. Why (almost) everyone hates the House Freedom Caucus | CNN Politics. CNN. 2017-03-23 [2023-02-03]. (原始內容存檔於2020-08-04) (英語).
- ^ Barrett, Mark. Meadows in line to lead House’s most conservative wing. The Asheville Citizen Times. [2023-02-03]. (原始內容存檔於2021-03-12).
- ^ French, Lauren. 9 Republicans launch House Freedom Caucus. Politico. [2021-07-08]. (原始內容存檔於2021-07-18) (英語).
- ^ Ferrechio, Susan. Conservative lawmakers form House Freedom Caucus. 華盛頓檢查者報. 2015-01-26 [2015-07-22]. (原始內容存檔於2015-07-21).
- ^ Eaton, Sabrina. It's official: Rep. Jim Jordan now chairs the House Freedom Caucus. Cleveland. 2015-02-11 [2015-07-22]. (原始內容存檔於2019-02-16).
- ^ The Freedom Caucus has been widely described as right-wing:
- Cheadle, Harry. The Right-Wing 'Freedom Caucus' Says It's Going to Kill Trumpcare. Vice. 2017-03-22 [2017-04-10]. (原始內容存檔於2017-05-23).
- Roy, Avik. GOP Centrists, Not Freedom Caucus, Are Blocking Deal To Replace Obamacare. Forbes. 2017-04-02 [2017-04-10]. (原始內容存檔於2021-02-23).
The conventional wisdom – repeated by President Trump – is that the right-wing House Freedom Caucus is singlehandedly blocking Republican attempts to repeal and replace Obamacare.
- Beavers, Olivia. Republican quits House Freedom Caucus. The Hill. 2017-03-26 [2017-04-10]. (原始內容存檔於2019-04-04).
Rep. Ted Poe (R-Texas) resigned Sunday from the House Freedom Caucus, indicating he did so because he wanted to vote for the Republican healthcare proposal the right-wing caucus so adamantly opposed.
- Lizza, Ryan. A House divided. The New Yorker. 2015-12-07 [2017-04-10]. (原始內容存檔於2021-02-07).
Meadows is one of the more active members of the House Freedom Caucus, an invitation-only group of about forty right-wing conservatives that formed at the beginning of this year.
- French, Lauren. House Freedom Caucus to break with leadership on budget. Politico. 2016-03-14 [2016-07-14]. (原始內容存檔於2021-02-25).
Budget Committee Chairman Tom Price of Georgia and Speaker Paul Ryan (R-Wis.) have labored to gain the support of the far-right caucus
- Thrush, Glenn. Trump Becomes Ensnared in Fiery G.O.P. Civil War. The New York Times. 2017-03-25 [2023-02-03]. (原始內容存檔於2019-12-14).
- Fabian, Jordan. Trump on the warpath against Freedom Caucus. The Hill. 2017-03-30 [2017-03-31]. (原始內容存檔於2017-07-05).
- Woolf, Nicky. Republicans in Freedom Caucus support Florida conservative as speaker. The Guardian. 2015-10-07 [2023-02-03]. (原始內容存檔於2021-03-08).
- Newhauser, Daniel. Boehner-vs.-Freedom-Caucus Battle Escalates. National Journal. 2015-06-24 [2015-07-22]. (原始內容存檔於2015-07-28).
- Sullivan, Sean. Insurgent bloc of House conservatives proving to be a thorn in Boehner's side. The Washington Post. 2015-03-04 [2015-07-22]. (原始內容存檔於2019-12-11).
- Bush, Daniel. Who's to blame for the government shutdown? A look at the political fallout. PBS NewsHour. 2018-01-22 [2018-06-07]. (原始內容存檔於2021-01-20).
- ^
- Touchberry, Ramsey; Soellner, Mica. Emboldened far-right Freedom Caucus presents hurdles to Kevin McCarthy's run for House speaker. The Washington Times. 2022-11-09 [2022-11-24]. (原始內容存檔於2023-01-03).
- Stone, Peter. Meet the Congressman Who Is Viktor Orbán's Biggest Fanboy. The New Republic. 2022-10-28 [2022-11-24]. (原始內容存檔於2022-12-01).
A member of the House's far-right Freedom Caucus and co-chair of the Hungarian Caucus, Harris tried to torpedo the resolution during floor debate by attacking a provision that called for setting up a NATO unit to help its members build democratic institutions.
- Carless, Will. Far-right extremists.... USA Today. 2022-01-23 [2022-11-14]. (原始內容存檔於2022-01-30).
- Wong, Scott; Allen, Jonathan. Trump expected to stump for Illinois congresswoman in primary fight against fellow lawmaker. NBC News. 2022-04-28 [2022-11-24]. (原始內容存檔於2022-08-11).
Rep. Mary Miller, a member of the far-right Freedom Caucus, said Trump has vowed to campaign for her ahead of her primary against GOP Rep. Rodney Davis.
- Edmondson, Catie. In Illinois, MAGA Congresswoman Rallies to Oust Her G.O.P. Colleague. The New York Times. 2022-06-28 [2022-11-24]. (原始內容存檔於2022-11-23).
Ms. Miller is a member of the far-right Freedom Caucus who has adopted Mr. Trump's grievance-infused manner of speaking and once spoke approvingly of Adolf Hitler.
- Lee Drutman (編). Breaking the Two-Party Doom Loop: The Case for Multiparty Democracy in America. Oxford University Press. 2020: 14 [2023-02-03]. ISBN 978-0190913854. (原始內容存檔於2023-01-04).
These far-right Freedom Caucus members had been unhappy with Boehner's top-down style of leadership, which they felt had forced members into compromising too much with Democrats.
- David Hosansky (編). The American Congress. CQ Press. 2019 [2023-02-03]. ISBN 978-1544350639. (原始內容存檔於2023-01-04).
This set up a difficult battle for Speaker of the House Paul Ryan, R-Wis., to reach a consensus within his caucus between mainstream Republicans and the forty-member-strong Freedom Caucus, a group of far-right libertarian, isolationist, ...
- Steven S. Smith; Jason M. Roberts; Ryan J. Vander Wielen (編). The American Congress. Rowman & Littlefield. 2019: 14 [2023-02-03]. ISBN 978-1538125847. (原始內容存檔於2023-01-04).
The parties are very polarized: the middle is empty, so that no Democrat is to the right of any Republican and no Republican is to the left of any Democrat. The Freedom Caucus members are located on the far right.
- Homan, Patrick; Lantis, Jeffrey. "We the People?" Historical Foundations of Factionalism. The Battle for U.S. Foreign Policy. 2019-12-05: 57–87. ISBN 978-3030301705. S2CID 212991762. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-30171-2_3.
As president, Trump has variously aligned himself with the positions of the far-right Freedom Caucus and with establishment Republican leaders.
- Geyman, John. Crisis in U.S. Health Care: Corporate Power Still Blocks Reform. International Journal of Health Services. January 2018, 48 (1): 5–27. PMID 28971720. S2CID 206411764. doi:10.1177/0020731417729654.
The far-right Freedom Caucus in the House called for full repeal whatever the consequences, but by then the ACA had become more popular with the public and even drew support...
- ^ Cottle, Michelle. In The Freedom Caucus, Trump Meets His Match. The Atlantic. 2017-04-07 [2023-02-03]. (原始內容存檔於2019-06-24).
- ^ Pally, Marcia. A Tale of Two Covenants: Can America be Localist Without Being Exclusionary?. ABC News. 2017-06-08 [2023-01-05]. (原始內容存檔於2023-01-05) (澳大利亞英語).
- ^ Bade, Rachael. 'I thought you were my friend': Immigration meltdown exposes GOP hostilities. Politico. 2018-06-27 [2022-04-17]. (原始內容存檔於2021-10-21).
- ^ Reilly, Mollie. House Conservatives Support Paul Ryan For Speaker, But Won't Formally Endorse Him. Huffington Post. 2015-10-21 [2016-07-14]. (原始內容存檔於2022-12-13).
the group of hardline conservatives ... the socially conservative House Freedom Caucus
- ^ Paul Ryan vs. House Freedom Caucus: Who will blink first in speaker's race?. Los Angeles Times. 2015-10-16 [2023-02-03]. (原始內容存檔於2021-02-27).
the group’s small-government, socially conservative agenda
- ^ After Boehner ouster, quiet period, Freedom Caucus attacks on IRS, ObamaCare. Fox News. 2016-12-10 [2023-02-03]. (原始內容存檔於2022-12-13).
- ^ 17.0 17.1 Melanie Zanona. Republican leaders face threat of revived Freedom Caucus in GOP-led House. CNN. 2022-03-08 [2023-02-03]. (原始內容存檔於2022-12-13).
Past iterations of the group – which was formed as an ultra-conservative alternative to the Republican Study Committee but has since become more of a Trump loyalty club – were more focused on process and transparency concerns, as well as fiscal conservatism. Some of the more veteran members of the group are still emphasizing that as a top priority.
- ^ Jay Newton-Small. How Paul Ryan Outfoxed House Conservatives. Time. 2021-10-20 [2023-02-03]. (原始內容存檔於2022-12-08) (英語).
The House Freedom Caucus has had a lot of demands of late: conditions under which they』d support anyone to be Speaker, changes they』d like to see made in the House to decentralize power, ... The as-of-yet unformed bill is almost guaranteed to have levels of spending the fiscally conservative Freedom Caucus will find highly objectionable – they have never supported any bipartisan deal that has come out of the Senate.
- ^ Swan, Jonathan. Trump allies blame conservative leader for failed Texas endorsement. Axios. 2021-07-28 [2023-02-03]. (原始內容存檔於2022-01-19) (英語).
the Freedom Caucus – a group of ultra-conservative House Republicans who are fervently pro-Trump.
- ^ Inside the House Freedom Caucus' identity crisis. Politico. 2022-04-29 [2023-02-03]. (原始內容存檔於2023-03-09).
- ^ Friedman, Dan. For These House Republicans, the NRA's Seal of Approval Isn't Enough. The Trace. 2016-07-13 [2017-03-31]. (原始內容存檔於2019-04-04).
- ^ Loiaconi, Stephen. For Freedom Caucus, defying Trump could have consequences. WJLA-TV. 2017-03-24 [2017-03-31]. (原始內容存檔於2019-04-04).
The House Freedom Caucus, a cadre of conservatives, libertarians and others who have shown no hesitation to buck the party leadership, has been heavily critical of the AHCA
- ^ Boguhn, Ally. The House Freedom Fund Bankrolls Some of Congress' Most Anti-Choice Candidates. Rewire News. 2016-06-21. (原始內容存檔於2018-12-11).
- ^ Wong, Scott. Freedom Caucus bruised but unbowed in GOP primary fights. The Hill. 2018-05-22. (原始內容存檔於2018-12-11).
- ^ Wofford, Ben. Charlie Dent's War. Politico Magazine. [2019-11-16]. (原始內容存檔於2021-02-27) (英語).
- ^ 26.0 26.1 Lizza, Ryan. The War Inside the Republican Party. The New Yorker. 2015-12-07 [2019-11-16]. ISSN 0028-792X. (原始內容存檔於2021-02-07) (英語).
- ^ French, Lauren. 9 Republicans launch House Freedom Caucus. Politico. 2015-01-26 [2016-12-26]. (原始內容存檔於2020-12-07).
- ^ House Freedom Caucus was Born in Hershey. 2015-12-07 [2019-11-16]. (原始內容存檔於2020-09-27).
- ^ French, Lauren. Conservatives offer John Boehner another DHS deal. Politico. 2015-03-03 [2015-07-22]. (原始內容存檔於2015-07-24).
- ^ 30.0 30.1 Lizza, Ryan. A House Divided. The New Yorker. [2015-12-09]. (原始內容存檔於2021-02-07).
- ^ Steinhauer, Jennifer. John Boehner, House Speaker, Will Resign From Congress. The New York Times. 2015-09-25 [2015-10-23]. ISSN 0362-4331. (原始內容存檔於2021-03-05).
- ^ Marcos, Cristina. Boehner rebels replaced on committee. The Hill. [2017-06-05]. (原始內容存檔於2019-04-04).
- ^ Wong, Scott. The dozen rebels targeted by GOP leaders. The Hill. 2015-06-27 [2017-06-05]. (原始內容存檔於2018-09-28).
- ^ A Brief History of the 2013 Government Shutdown. www.mediaite.com. [2017-02-10]. (原始內容存檔於2018-09-28) (英語).
- ^ Jacobs, Ryan. 32 Republicans Who Caused the Government Shutdown. The Atlantic. 2013-10-04 [2017-06-05]. (原始內容存檔於2018-09-27).
- ^ Lizza, Ryan. A House Divided. 2015-12-14 [2017-06-05]. (原始內容存檔於2021-02-07).
- ^ Kevin McCarthy Announces Run for Speaker of the House. The Atlantic. 2015-09-28 [2015-10-23]. (原始內容存檔於2020-12-09).
- ^ Costa, Mike DeBonis, Robert; Helderman, Rosalind S. House Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy drops out of race for House speaker. The Washington Post. 2015-10-08 [2015-10-23]. ISSN 0190-8286. (原始內容存檔於2021-02-21).
- ^ In Context: What Kevin McCarthy said about Hillary Clinton and Benghazi. PolitiFact. [2018-05-22]. (原始內容存檔於2019-05-10) (英語).
- ^ 40.0 40.1 Rep. Ribble leaves Freedom Caucus over moves in leadership race. Politico. [2015-10-09]. (原始內容存檔於2021-01-19).
- ^ David M. Herszenhorn, Freedom Caucus Is Key to Paul Ryan House Speaker Decision, The New York Times, 2015-10-21 [2023-02-03], (原始內容存檔於2020-12-06)
- ^ DeBonis, Mike; Costa, Robert. 'Supermajority' of House Freedom Caucus to back Paul Ryan's speaker bid. The Washington Post. 2015-10-21 [2015-10-23]. ISSN 0190-8286. (原始內容存檔於2020-12-09).
- ^ Steinhauer, Jennifer. Paul Ryan Is Elected House Speaker, Hoping to Manage Chaos. The New York Times. 2015-10-29 [2016-06-20]. (原始內容存檔於2020-11-08).
- ^ Nguyen, Tina. "Idiots," "Anarchists," and "Assholes": Boehner Unloads on Republicans. The Hive. 2017-10-30 [2017-11-08]. (原始內容存檔於2021-01-20) (英語).
- ^ Schneider, Elena. The GOP establishment strikes back. Politico. 2016-08-15 [2017-03-26]. (原始內容存檔於2021-02-28).
- ^ Robertson, Joe; Tate, Curtis. Tea party's Tim Huelskamp ousted by challenger Roger Marshall in Kansas congressional race. The Kansas City Star. 2016-08-02 [2023-02-03]. (原始內容存檔於2020-11-23).
- ^ Bade, Rachael. Can the Freedom Caucus survive Donald Trump?. Politico. 2016-11-13 [2019-11-16]. (原始內容存檔於2020-11-08) (英語).
- ^ House Freedom Caucus plots return to relevance as GOP eyes majority. 2022-09-22 [2023-02-03]. (原始內容存檔於2022-12-21).
- ^ Breaking: House Republicans withdraw health care bill. KFOR-TV. CNN Wire. 2017-03-24 [2017-03-25]. (原始內容存檔於2018-09-21).
Freedom Caucus members stood by their ideological objections to a bill they say does not go far enough in repealing Obamacare.
- ^ Trump Meets Freedom Caucus and Result Is Legislative Disaster. Bloomberg.com. 2017-03-25 [2023-02-03]. (原始內容存檔於2017-05-21) (英語).
- ^ Collins, Eliza. Collapse of Obamacare repeal plan puts Freedom Caucus in complicated spot. USA TODAY. [2023-02-03]. (原始內容存檔於2020-03-02).
- ^ Trump tweets about Democrats, Freedom Caucus after health care bill fails. CBS News. 2017-03-26 [2023-02-03]. (原始內容存檔於2020-08-08).
- ^ Weber, Joseph. Trump hits Freedom Caucus, Washington conservatives for nixing ObamaCare overhaul. Fox News. 2017-03-26 [2023-02-03]. (原始內容存檔於2018-08-07).
- ^ Livingston, Abby. U.S. Rep. Ted Poe resigns from Freedom Caucus. The Texas Tribune. 2017-03-26 [2023-02-03]. (原始內容存檔於2021-01-01) (英語).
- ^ Thrush, Glenn; Martin, Jonathan. ‘We Must Fight Them’: Trump Goes After Conservatives of Freedom Caucus. The New York Times. 2017-03-30 [2023-02-03]. (原始內容存檔於2021-02-28).
- ^ Fabian, Jordan. Trump threatens to ‘fight’ Freedom Caucus in midterms. The Hill. 2017-03-30 [2023-02-03]. (原始內容存檔於2020-11-12).
- ^ Golshan, Tara. Meet the most powerful man in the House. Vox. 2017-08-28 [2017-11-21]. (原始內容存檔於2020-11-17).
- ^ Cheney, Kyle. Trump's GOP 'warriors' lead charge against Mueller. Politico. 2018-05-07 [2018-05-23]. (原始內容存檔於2021-01-13).
- ^ House Freedom Caucus votes to condemn Amash's impeachment comments. The Hill. 2019-05-20 [2023-02-03]. (原始內容存檔於2020-12-19).
- ^ 60.0 60.1 Byrd, Haley; Sullivan, Kate. Justin Amash leaves the conservative Freedom Caucus. CNN. 2019-06-11 [2023-02-03]. (原始內容存檔於2021-03-12).
- ^ Alex Moe and Dennis Romero. Rep. Justin Amash explores Libertarian presidential run. NBC News. 2020-04-28 [2023-02-03]. (原始內容存檔於2022-12-13).
- ^ Swanson, Ian. Freedom Caucus demands release of full Volker transcript. TheHill. 2019-10-08 [2019-10-10]. (原始內容存檔於2021-03-01) (英語).
- ^ Andrews, Natalie; Wise, Lindsay. House Freedom Caucus Emerges as Trump's Main Defender. The Wall Street Journal. 2019-11-08 [2021-02-28]. (原始內容存檔於2021-02-26).
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The House Freedom Caucus, a bloc of roughly three-dozen conservatives, backed Trump's position Tuesday and said its members would vote against the bill.
- ^ Trump pressures congressional Republicans to help in his fight to overturn the election. Washington Post. [2023-02-03]. (原始內容存檔於2023-03-06).
- ^ Evidence mounts of GOP involvement in Trump election schemes. AP NEWS. 2022-05-01 [2023-02-03]. (原始內容存檔於2023-02-15) (英語).
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- ^ The Back Mic: Phelan on Democratic Chair Fight, Senate Election Drawing Listed, Freedom Caucus Adds Four Members. The Texan. 2023-01-13 [2023-02-03]. (原始內容存檔於2023-02-06).
- ^ Mahaleris, Andrew. NH Freedom Caucus Calls House Budget a Big Win, But Changes Are Coming. NH Journal. 2021-04-09 [2023-02-03]. (原始內容存檔於2023-01-14).
- ^ N.C. Rep. Kidwell, Hanig named to reformation of NC House Freedom Caucus. WNCT. 2021-01-29 [2023-02-03]. (原始內容存檔於2023-01-14).
- ^ State Rep. Announces Creation of Georgia Freedom Caucus. Metro Atlanta CEO. [2023-02-03]. (原始內容存檔於2023-02-20) (英語).
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- ^ New 'Freedom Caucus' launches, targets Michigan House rules. The Detroit News. [2023-02-03]. (原始內容存檔於2023-02-08).
- ^ 87.0 87.1 Carney, Jordain. The House Freedom Caucus is urging Senate Republicans to oppose a same-sex marriage bill. Their chairman voted for it.. Politico. 2022-08-24 [2022-08-24]. (原始內容存檔於2022-07-22) (英語).
- ^ Beavers, Olivia; Carney, Jordain. House Freedom Caucus ties itself in knots over challenging McCarthy. Politico. 2022-11-10 [2022-11-15]. (原始內容存檔於2022-12-19).
- ^ 89.0 89.1 Matt Fuller; Sam Brodey; Zachary Petrizzo. Kevin McCarthy’s Speakership Is in Trouble Before It Starts. Daily Beast. 2022-11-10 [2023-09-09]. 原始內容存檔於2022-11-10.
- ^ Brooks, Emily. Rep. Andy Biggs to challenge McCarthy for Speaker. The Hill. 2022-11-14 [2022-11-15]. (原始內容存檔於2023-01-16).
- ^ 91.0 91.1 Walsh, Deirdre. McCarthy nominated speaker in internal GOP vote but he faces conservative resistance. National Public Radio. 2022-11-15 [2022-11-15]. (原始內容存檔於2023-02-17).
- ^ 92.0 92.1 Solender, Erin Doherty,Andrew. McCarthy: Democrats could influence House speaker pick if GOP doesn't unite. Axios. 2022-11-29 [2023-02-04]. (原始內容存檔於2022-12-13) (英語).
- ^ 93.0 93.1 The NeverKevins Can Still Block McCarthy’s Bid for Speaker. Time. [2023-02-04]. (原始內容存檔於2023-02-01) (英語).
- ^ Tully-McManis, Katherine. Freedom Caucus prepares to flex. Politico. 2022-11-10 [2022-11-15]. (原始內容存檔於2022-12-20).
- ^ Solender, Andrew. Freedom Caucus fires its warning shot at McCarthy. Axios. 2022-11-15 [2022-11-15]. (原始內容存檔於2022-12-16).
- ^ Marjorie Taylor Greene breaks with far-right allies.... Axios. Axios. 2022-11-14 [2022-11-14]. (原始內容存檔於2023-03-03).
- ^ Olson, Tyler. Byron Donalds, seeking a House GOP leadership post, wants to decentralize power away from party leaders. Fox News. 2022-11-04 [2022-11-15]. (原始內容存檔於2022-12-01).
- ^ Rep. Lisa McClain wins race to become next House Republican conference secretary. Washington Examiner. 2022-11-15.
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- ^ 101.0 101.1 101.2 Solender, Andrew. McCarthy meets with critics in fresh effort to secure speaker votes. Axios. 2022-11-30 [2023-02-04]. (原始內容存檔於2023-03-09) (英語).
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- ^ House passes rules package that was at heart of McCarthy's speaker battle. CBS News. 2023-01-10 [2023-02-04]. (原始內容存檔於2023-01-29).
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- ^ Zanona, Melanie. House Freedom Caucus picks Andy Biggs as new chairman. Politico. [2021-07-08]. (原始內容存檔於2021-08-03) (英語).
- ^ Falconer, Rebecca. House Freedom Caucus elects GOP Rep. Scott Perry as next chair. Axios. 2021-11-16 [2021-11-18]. (原始內容存檔於2021-11-17).
- ^ Beavers, Olivia. Freedom Caucus elects new chair: Bob Good, who voted to boot McCarthy. Politico. December 11, 2023 [December 12, 2023]. (原始內容存檔於2023-12-19).
- ^ 109.0 109.1 Huetteman, Emmarie. On Health Law, G.O.P. Faces a Formidable Policy Foe: House Republicans. The New York Times. 2017-03-20 [2017-03-28]. (原始內容存檔於2021-02-21).
So secretive that it will not disclose the names of its members, […] the roughly three dozen
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- ^ Committees and Caucuses | Representative Barry Moore. barrymoore.house.gov. 2021-01-03 [2021-02-28]. (原始內容存檔於2023-02-03).
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Gary Palmer (Ala.), a Freedom Caucus member
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- ^ Hansen, Ronald J. Two Arizona Republican House members helped sink 'Obamacare' repeal. The Arizona Republic. 2017-03-24 [2017-06-05]. (原始內容存檔於2021-03-11).
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- ^ Garcia, Eric. Gosar Endorses Ward Over McSally in Arizona Senate Race. Roll Call. 2018-07-18 [2018-10-03]. (原始內容存檔於2019-10-18).
- ^ Committees and Caucuses | Representative Lauren Boebert. boebert.house.gov. 2021-01-03 [2021-02-28]. (原始內容存檔於2023-02-03).
- ^ In HBO film, Ken Buck suggests he will leave Congress soon. The Denver Post. 2020-08-02 [2021-02-28]. (原始內容存檔於2021-02-01) (美國英語).
- ^ Some sources state that Gaetz is "close to" the caucus, e.g.: Lucas, John. President Trump takes a break from his European visit to endorse Rep. Matt Gaetz. The Capitolist. 2018-07-13 [2018-10-15]. (原始內容存檔於2020-08-05). / Smith, Allan; Perticone, Joe. The most conservative congressmen are going all-out to fight for Trump against Mueller and the Russia probe. Business Insider. 2018-01-13 [2018-10-15]. (原始內容存檔於2019-10-18).
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- ^ Anna Paulina Luna Says Colleague 'Threatened' Her Over McCarthy Stance. Newsweek. 2022-12-31 [2023-02-03]. (原始內容存檔於2023-02-12).
In a statement issued to Newsweek on Saturday morning, Luna said: "The member that called me was NOT MTG. Marjorie came down and helped me in my primary and is also a fellow member of the Freedom Caucus. She would never do that to me."
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- ^ Haroun, Azmi. 13 members of the pro-Trump House Freedom Caucus refused to condemn Myanmar's generals who violently overthrew elected leaders. Business Insider. [2021-04-25]. (原始內容存檔於2023-02-03) (美國英語).
- ^ 3 strikes for McCarthy – but he's not out yet. Politico. 2022-01-03 [2023-02-03]. (原始內容存檔於2023-01-03).
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- ^ Committees & Caucuses. Congressman Clay Higgins. 2012-12-13 [2021-04-25]. (原始內容存檔於2023-02-03) (英語).
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- ^ Committees and Caucuses. U.S. Representative Matt Rosendale. [2021-06-07]. (原始內容存檔於2021-04-21).
- ^ Greg Murphy wins reelection to 3rd Congressional District. North State Journal. 2022-11-08 [2023-02-03]. (原始內容存檔於2023-01-04).
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- ^ Boehner's successor joins Freedom Caucus. Politico. 2016-06-09 [2023-02-03]. (原始內容存檔於2020-11-25).
- ^ 138.0 138.1 138.2 138.3 House Freedom Caucus Forms 'Fight Club' in House. 218. [2015-10-09]. (原始內容存檔於2016-03-05).
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- ^ Lovegrove, Jamie. Freedom Caucus chairman Mark Meadows to headline South Carolina GOP fundraiser. The Post and Courier. 2018-07-02 [2018-07-19]. (原始內容存檔於2021-03-08).
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- ^ Broden, Scott. DesJarlais raises $144,677 for 2016 campaign. The Daily News Journal. 2015-04-22 [2015-07-22]. (原始內容存檔於2019-10-18).
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- ^ Daniella Diaz. House Freedom Caucus members question Liz Cheney's leadership again after her latest Trump comments. CNN. 2021-02-25 [2021-02-28]. (原始內容存檔於2021-02-28).
- ^ Freedom Caucus members to huddle with Trump. The Hill. 2022-06-03 [2022-08-13]. (原始內容存檔於2022-08-13) (英語).
- ^ Accountability For China, COVID-19 Relief Package Among Issues To Be Addressed By House Freedom Caucus Today (新聞稿). Falkirk Center for Faith and Liberty. PR Newswire. 2020-07-27 [2021-04-01]. (原始內容存檔於2023-02-03) –透過Associated Press.
HFC Members: ... Michael Cloud
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- ^ Fox, Lauren; Raju, Manu; Grayer, Annie; Diaz, Daniella. Elise Stefanik faces increased conservative headwinds in rise to leadership. CNN. 2021-05-12 [2021-06-07]. (原始內容存檔於2021-06-01).
Freedom Caucus member Ben Cline
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- ^ Zanona, Melanie. GOP Rep. Mooney wants to condemn lawmakers who call on Trump to concede. Politico. [2021-02-28]. (原始內容存檔於2021-01-11) (英語).
- ^ Bridget Bowman, Outside groups flock to Wisconsin race to replace Sean Duffy, Roll Call, 2020-02-11 [2020-05-20], (原始內容存檔於2020-11-25)
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- ^ Livingston, Abby. U.S. Rep. Ted Poe resigns from Freedom Caucus. Texas Tribune. 2017-03-26 [2017-03-27]. (原始內容存檔於2021-01-01).
- ^ @DaveBratVA7th. Proud to be part of House Freedom Caucus (推文). 2015-03-13 –透過Twitter.
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- ^ Wong, Scott; Shabad, Rebecca; Marcos, Cristina. House will vote Friday to prevent Homeland Security shutdown. The Hill. 2015-02-26 [2015-07-22]. (原始內容存檔於2015-07-13).
- ^ Congressman Cawthorn Joins the House Freedom Caucus (新聞稿). Madison Cawthorn. 2021-10-28 [2021-10-29]. (原始內容存檔於2021-10-29).
- ^ Newhauser, Daniel; Mimms, Sarah; Roubein, Rachel. Boehner Has a Plan to Avoid a DHS Shutdown – But It Might Not Pass. National Journal. 2015-02-26 [2015-07-22]. (原始內容存檔於2015-08-25).
- ^ Senate confirms Fleming as assistant secretary of commerce for economic development. Bossier Press-Tribune. 2019-03-07 [2019-04-30]. (原始內容存檔於2020-11-26).
- ^ Portnoy, Jenna. Three Virginia GOP congressmen, including Rep. Tom Garrett in 5th District, line up against GOP health care plan. The Roanoke Times. 2017-03-15 [2017-03-26]. (原始內容存檔於2017-04-20).
- ^ Rep. Gohmert: Dem's Equality Act is "All About Power," Eviscerates First Amendment. Louie Gohmert. 2021-02-25 [2021-02-28]. (原始內容存檔於2021-03-05) (英語).
- ^ Marjorie Taylor Greene is no longer a member of the Freedom Caucus after a vote last month, according to one member of the conservative group's board.. Politico. 2023-07-06 [2023-09-10]. (原始內容存檔於2023-07-19).
- ^ 166.0 166.1 Darnell, Tim. Can the House Freedom Caucus save the GOP?. Peach Pundit. 2015-03-19 [2015-07-22]. (原始內容存檔於2015-07-23).
- ^ Tim Huelskamp, Anti-Establishment House Republican, Loses Primary in Kansas. New York Times. 2016-08-03 [2023-02-03]. (原始內容存檔於2021-01-29).
- ^ Doug Lamborn: Health care bill's failure a 'setback,' not the end of effort to repeal Obamacare. Colorado Springs Gazette. 2017-03-24 [2023-02-03]. (原始內容存檔於2019-12-23).
- ^ Hallerman, Tamar. Barry Loudermilk quietly leaves the House Freedom Caucus. Atlanta Journal-Constitution. 2017-03-02 [2017-03-07]. (原始內容存檔於2017-04-15).
- ^ 170.0 170.1 Wong, Scott; Marcos, Cristina. The dozen rebels targeted by GOP leaders. The Hill. 2015-06-27 [2015-07-22]. (原始內容存檔於2018-09-28).
- ^ Fox, Lauren. Rep. Poe resigns from House Freedom Caucus. CNN. 2017-03-26 [2017-03-27]. (原始內容存檔於2020-02-29).
- ^ Virginia Republican who officiated gay wedding loses nomination for Congress. The Guardian. Associated Press. 2020-06-14 [2021-03-26]. (原始內容存檔於2021-01-26).
Riggleman, a member of the conservative House Freedom Caucus, ...
- ^ U.S. Rep. Dana Rohrabacher endorses Dr. Kelli Ward for United States Senate. 2018-01-23 [2018-07-28]. (原始內容存檔於2018-01-24).
- ^ Schelzig, Erik. GOP Rep. Rohrabacher campaigns for Matheny. The Tennessee Journal. 2018-07-02 [2018-07-27]. (原始內容存檔於2018-07-28).
- ^ Mauriello, Tracie. Freedom Caucus may play role in alternate Obamacare repeal timeline. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 2017-01-06 [2017-01-14]. (原始內容存檔於2019-12-01).
- ^ Cohn, Nate; Bloch, Matthew; Quealy, Kevin. The New Pennsylvania House Districts Are In. We Review the Mapmakers' Choices.. The Upshot. The New York Times. 2018-02-19 [2018-02-20]. (原始內容存檔於2018-02-19).
- ^ Jones, Ja'han. Freedom Caucus founder ditches the group for unlikely reason. MSNBC. 2023-02-06 [2023-02-10]. (原始內容存檔於2023-03-07).
- ^ Traub, Alex. Ron Wright, Texas Conservative, Dies at 67. The New York Times. 2021-02-09 [2021-03-27]. (原始內容存檔於2021-02-28).
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Ted Yoho is a member of the Freedom Caucus.