討論:人格解體
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未翻譯內容如下：--Flame 歡迎泡茶 2012年2月29日 (三) 00:29 (UTC)
藥理學和致病因
人格解體有時也是某種被追求的體驗，比如對於使用軟性毒品的人而言。它是一些解離藥與致幻劑產生的效果，同時也常是咖啡因、酒精、大麻和米諾環素產生的副作用。[1][2][3][4][5] 人格解體也是很多毒品的經典的戒斷症狀。[6][7][8][9]
由於長期使用苯二氮卓而導致的苯二氮卓依賴可以促使某些人產生人格解體症狀和感知混亂；而即使那些每天使用穩定劑量苯二氮卓的人也可能會有這種苯二氮卓戒斷綜合症出現。[10][11]
Lieutenant Colonel Dave Grossman在他的《殺人之時》（On Killing: The Psychological Cost of Learning to Kill in War and Society）一書中指出，軍事訓練會導致士兵出現人工的人格解體，因此抑制了同情心，使得他們更易於在戰場上殺死其他人類。[12]
A hypothesis, posited by writer David Zweig, called Fiction Depersonalization Syndrome, suggests that depersonalization may be triggered by being immersed in a highly mediated environment. [13]
治療
治療主要是針對潛在致病因素的（無論是器質性的、還是精神性的原因）。如果人格解體是神經元疾病的結果，那麼首要方案就是診斷並治療這種神經元疾病。人格解體可能是諸如肌肉萎縮性側索硬化症、阿爾茨海默氏症、多發性硬化症、萊姆病等其他的影響腦功能的神經元疾病的症狀。而對於伴有偏頭痛的患者，三環類抗抑鬱藥物也常常使用。
If depersonalization is a symptom of psychological causes such as developmental trauma, treatment depends on the diagnosis. In case ofdissociative identity disorder or DD-NOS as a developmental disorder, in which extreme developmental traumainterferes with formation of a single cohesive identity, treatment requires proper psychotherapy, and—in the case of additional (co-morbid) disorders such as eating disorders—team of specialists treating such an individual. It can also be a symptom ofborderline personality disorder, which can be treated in the long term with proper psychotherapy and psychopharmacology.[14]
The treatment of chronic depersonalization is considered in depersonalization disorder.
A recently-completed study at Columbia University in New York City has shown positive effects from transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to treat depersonalization disorder. Currently, however, the FDA has not approved TMS to treat DP. [來源請求]
A recent Russian study showed that naloxone, a drug used to reverse the intoxicating effects of opioid drugs, can successfully treat depersonalization disorder. According to the study: "In three of 14 patients, depersonalization symptoms disappeared entirely and seven patients showed a marked improvement. The therapeutic effect of naloxone provides evidence for the role of the endogenous opioid system in the pathogenesis of depersonalization."[15]
參考資料
- ^ Stein, M. B.; Uhde, TW. Depersonalization Disorder: Effects of Caffeine and Response to Pharmacotherapy. Biological Psychiatry. 1989, 26 (3): 315–20. PMID 2742946. doi:10.1016/0006-3223(89)90044-9. 已忽略未知參數
|month=（建議使用|date=） (幫助) - ^ Raimo, E. B.; R. A. Roemer, M. Moster and Y. Shan. Alcohol-Induced Depersonalization. Biological Psychiatry. 1999, 45 (11): 1523–6. PMID 10356638. doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(98)00257-1. 已忽略未知參數
|month=（建議使用|date=） (幫助); - ^ Cohen, P. R. Medication-associated depersonalization symptoms: report of transient depersonalization symptoms induced by minocycline. Southern Medical Journal. 2004, 97 (1): 70–73. PMID 14746427. doi:10.1097/01.SMJ.0000083857.98870.98.
- ^ Medication-Associated Depersonalization Symptoms.
- ^ Depersonalization Again Finds Psychiatric Spotlight.
- ^ Marriott, S.; P. Tyrer. Benzodiazepine dependence: avoidance and withdrawal. Drug Safety. 1993, 9 (2): 93–103. PMID 8104417. doi:10.2165/00002018-199309020-00003.
- ^ Shufman, E.; A. Lerner and E. Witztum. [Depersonalization after withdrawal from cannabis usage]. Harefuah. 2005, 144 (4): 249–51 and 303. PMID 15889607 （希伯來語）.
- ^ Djenderedjian, A.; R. Tashjian. Agoraphobia following amphetamine withdrawal. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1982, 43 (6): 248–49. PMID 7085580.
- ^ Mourad, I.; M. Lejoyeux and J. Adès. [Prospective evaluation of antidepressant discontinuation]. L'Encéphale. 1998, 24 (3): 215–22. PMID 9696914 （法語）.
- ^ Ashton H. Protracted withdrawal syndromes from benzodiazepines. J Subst Abuse Treat (benzo.org.uk). 1991, 8 (1-2): 19–28. PMID 1675688. doi:10.1016/0740-5472(91)90023-4.
- ^ Terao T; Yoshimura R, Terao M, Abe K. Depersonalization following nitrazepam withdrawal. Biol Psychiatry. January 15, 1992, 31 (2): 212–3. PMID 1737083. doi:10.1016/0006-3223(92)90209-I.
- ^ Grossman, Dave. On Killing: The Psychological Cost of Learning to Kill in War and Society. Back Bay Books. 1996. ISBN 0-316-33000-0.
- ^ Fiction Depersonalization Syndrome
- ^ Sierra M, Baker D, Medford N; et al. Lamotrigine as an add-on treatment for depersonalization disorder: a retrospective study of 32 cases. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2006, 29 (5): 253–8. PMID 16960469. doi:10.1097/01.WNF.0000228368.17970.DA.
- ^ Nuller, Yuri L.; Morozova, Marina G.; Kushnir, Olga N.; Hamper, Nikita. Effect of naloxone therapy on depersonalization: a pilot study. Journal of Psychopharmacology (Bekhterev Psychoneurological Research Institute. St-Petersburg, Russia: Journal of Psychopharmacology). 2001, 15 (2): 93–95 [9 August 2009]. PMID 11448093. doi:10.1177/026988110101500205.