中式裝幀

清代刊印之文瀾閣志，採用了線裝裝訂

中式裝幀是指以中日朝越為主的漢字文化圈國家在從西方引進現代冊裝方法之前所主要使用的傳統書籍裝訂成冊的手段技藝。其包含了包括經折裝、蝴蝶裝、線裝等在內的多種多樣的裝訂形式。

古代中國的裝幀，最早是以竹木與繩為書寫材料的簡牘以及以布帛為書寫材料的的帛書。直到紙的發明與流行後，才出現了參考簡牘與帛書形制的卷軸裝。此後，又發展出龍鱗裝、旋風裝、經摺裝、蝴蝶裝、包背裝、線裝等等。

歷史

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捲軸裝

Sutra of the Great Virtue of Wisdom, 5th century

Up until the 9th century during the mid-Tang dynasty, most Chinese books were bound scrolls made of materials such as bamboo, wood, silk, or paper. Originally bamboo and wooden tablets were tied together with silk and hemp cords to fold onto each other like an accordion. Silk and paper gradually replaced bamboo and wood. Some books were not rolled up but pleated and called zhe ben, although this was still one long piece of material.

蝴蝶裝

Collection of Zhu Xi, printed in 1265

During the 9th and 10th centuries, a new book format known as "butterfly binding" appeared. This change is tied to the rise of Buddhism and woodblock printing. When Buddhist sutras were brought to China from India, they were in the form of narrow folded palm-leaf books. The accordion-fold books were easier to handle than scrolls while reading and reciting sutras. Scrolls were gradually replaced by butterfly binding (經摺裝), also known as sutra binding, from the Tang period onward. The advantage was that it was now possible to flip to a reference without unfolding the entire document. Woodblock prints made the new format easier by allowing two mirror images to be easily replicated on a single sheet. Thus two pages were printed on a sheet, which was then folded inwards. The sheets were then pasted together at the fold to make a codex with alternate openings of printed and blank pairs of pages. In the 14th century the folding was reversed outwards to give continuous printed pages, each backed by a blank hidden page. The next development known as whirlwind binding (xuanfeng zhuang 旋風裝) was to secure the first and last leaves to a single large sheet, so that the book could be opened like an accordion. During the 16th and 17th centuries, pasted bindings were replaced by stitched thread bindings.

書料

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Bamboo slips containing text, Qin dynasty

The binding of a Chinese bamboo book (Sun Tzu's The Art of War)

The paper used as the leaves are usually xuan paper (宣紙). This is an absorbent paper used in traditional Chinese calligraphy and painting. Stronger and better quality papers may be used for detailed works that involve multicoloured woodblock printing. The covers tend to be a stronger type of paper, dyed dark blue. Yellow silk can be used, which is more predominant in imperially commissioned works. The cover is then backed by normal xuan paper to give it more strength. Hardcovers are rare and only used in very important books; The silk cord is almost always white. The case for the books are usually made of wood or bookboard, covered with cloth or silk and the inside is covered in paper.

類型

捲軸裝

參見：卷軸

捲軸裝是一種較為早期的書籍製作方法。在印刷術發明以前，圖書主要以抄寫的方式記錄在縑帛和紙張上，因此這一時期的圖書基本都是捲軸裝。這種形式的「書」一般採用長卷形式，閱讀時展開，平時捲起。捲軸的長形紙一般是以多張紙黏在一起，或在木漿倒模時特別度身訂造。因應不同書類所需的分卷方法，亦可在捲軸上刻上分段及分部的記號。在以自上而下的方向開始繪畫或書寫的時候，捲軸一般都被完全打開，寫完相關段落後才捲起。這種裝幀只能以手工方式來製作，現今這種技術通常只有在裝裱書畫時使用。

此外，於中國內由木簡或竹簡捆綁而成的簡牘，亦屬於捲軸的一類。有不少紙製或紡織品製作的捲軸為了更好收藏及舒捲，在兩端或左端是裝上長軸。

在雕版印刷普及以後，由於書版各自成塊，捲軸裝已不適用，古籍裝幀改進為冊頁形式，先後出現旋風裝、經折裝、包背裝、線裝幾種形式。其中線裝書的形式至今仍在一些領域內被廣泛使用（但此後仍有不少作品採用捲軸裝，如《開寶藏》、《趙城金藏》等）。

龍鱗裝

參見：龍鱗裝

龍鱗裝是是一種流行於唐代的書籍裝訂方式，在卷軸裝的基礎上發展而成。其大致造型和外觀與卷軸裝相似，不同的是在較小的紙上寫字，依此浮貼於卷軸裝的大張紙上，狀如鱗次，因而得名。

經折裝

參見：經摺裝

經折裝，又稱梵夾裝，是流行於中古時東亞地區的書籍裝幀方式。因常見於佛經書籍的裝幀，又如同風琴狀折好以便收納及舒捲，世稱經折裝。現今許多佛經仍以經折裝裝幀。

經摺裝是長幅卷子改為一正一反方式折疊，並在最首頁及最末頁之背粘上硬紙作為書面以便保護。舒捲時與卷軸裝似，多了摺痕，而比卷軸裝更易於收藏。 經摺裝的缺點是書口外露，容易散開，且經常翻閱時，書頁容易斷裂。經折裝限制文字內容只能在紙張的單面書寫或印刷。

線裝

線裝是當代流傳下來的傳世古籍中最常見的裝訂方式。其早期形式可能在南宋時期就已經出現，但直到明嘉靖年間才逐漸流行起來。至清代，絕大部分書籍基本都採用這種裝訂方式。線裝書解決了蝴蝶裝，包背裝易於脫頁的問題，同時便於修補重訂。

裝訂方法

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The method of this binding is in several stages:

• The first stage is to fold the printed paper sheets. The printing method was to print on a large sheet, then fold it in half so the text appears on both sides.
• The second stage is to gather all the folded leaves into order and assemble the back and front covers. Important or luxury edition books have a further single leaf inserted in the fold of the leaves. Front covers tend to be replaced over time if it gets damaged. For very old books, the front cover is usually not original; for facsimiles, it is most certainly not.
• The third stage is to punch holes at the spine edge, around 1 cm from the spine. Four holes are the standard. In China, six holes may be used on important books. If the book is a quality edition, the edges of the spine side are wrapped in silk which is stuck on to protect the edges. In Korea, an odd number of holes is normally used, typically three or five.
• The fourth stage is to stitch the whole book together using a thin double silk cord. The knot is tied and concealed in the spine.

收納書盒

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After a group of books are printed, they are often put in a case. This is a cloth case that is constructed from boards that have a cloth upholstering. Traditional cloth cases are a single line of boards attached together and covered by the cloth; the insides are papered. The pile of books are placed in the middle board, and the left-hand boards wrap the left side and the front of the books, and the right boards wrap the right side and on top of the left side boards. The right side front board has the title tag pasted on the top right-hand side. The rightmost edge has a lip, from which two straps with ivory or bone tallies are connected to. These straps are pulled down the left side, where there are the loops where they are inserted to secure the whole case together.

Modern cases are much like Western ones. They are basically cuboid with an opening in one side where the books slot in. The Chinese have a separate board to wrap the books before inserting into the case.

參考文獻

書目

• Kosanjin Ikegami: Japanese Bookbinding: Instructions from a Master Craftsman. Weatherhill, 1986. ISBN 978-0-8348-0196-7
• Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin, Paper and Printing, Needham, Joseph Science and Civilization in China:, 5 part 1, Cambridge University Press, 1985, ISBN 0-521-08690-6 
• Wilkinson, Endymion, Chinese History: A New Manual, Harvard University Asia Center for the Harvard-Yenching Institute, 2012 

外部連結

• K.T. Wu 吳光清, The Chinese Book: Its Evolution and Development （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） T'ien Hsia Monthly, Vol.III, No.I, August 1936, pp.25-33.
• Japanese bookbinding
• Vietnamese bookbinding
• The Herbert Offen Research Collection of the Phillips Library at the Peabody Essex Museum （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
• A video lesson in Chinese wrapped-back binding (pt. 1) （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
• A video lesson in Chinese wrapped-back binding (pt. 2) （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）