中部美洲
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中部美洲,又譯美索美洲(英語:Mesoamerica),是一個歷史上的地區和文化區,地理上位於北美洲。覆蓋區域自中部墨西哥延伸經過伯利茲、危地馬拉、薩爾瓦多、洪都拉斯、尼加拉瓜,一直到哥斯達黎加北部。 中部美洲文明指的是西班牙殖民前(又稱前哥倫布時期)的這段文明[1][2]。 中部美洲是世界六大古代文明地區之一,同時也是美洲文明之一(另一為小北文明,位於今秘魯)。基本上「中美洲」一詞主要為地理上的概念,而「中部美洲」則以文化歷史上的分界而言,比「中美洲」涵蓋的範圍更大。
中部美洲文明共有的特色包括:這些文明的雕刻上常可發現三石壁爐圖騰概念(暗示了他們的居家環境);某種涼鞋的穿着;以及以玉米為主的集約農業;他們崇拜的神話系統都包括一個雨神、一個太陽神、一個羽蛇神(亦即阿茲特克人的克察爾科亞特爾);科技包括一套二十進位的數字系統,以及每年260日為週期的神曆和另一套太陽曆(見:中美洲曆法);在建築方面,這些印地安人建築了階梯延伸至頂端的金字塔;在娛樂方面,他們發展出具有宗教意義的球賽(見:中美洲蹴球);除這些以外,還有各式各樣的藝術及文化傳統。
中部美洲同時也是人類語言學上的一個標準範例:所有主要的中美洲語言都表現出某個共同特徵集合的部分特色。中部美洲的經濟及地理政治都受惠自通用語的大量使用,也就是納瓦特爾語至少從7世紀開始的廣泛使用;這樣的發展可能還可向前推2,000年。
中部美洲文明包括奧爾梅克、特奧蒂瓦坎、薩波特克、馬雅、米斯特克、瓦斯特克、托托納克、托爾特克、塔拉斯卡,以及阿茲特克。
參見
參考文獻
- ^ "Meso-America," 牛津英語詞典, 2nd ed. (rev.) 2002. (ISBN 0-19-860652-4) Oxford, UK: 牛津大學出版社; p. 906.
- ^ (2000): Atlas del México Prehispánico. Revista Arqueología mexicana. Número especial 5. Julio de 2000. Raíces/ Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia. México.
書籍
- Adams, Richard E. W.; MacLeod (eds.), Murdo J. Cambridge History of the Native peoples of The Americas. 2: Mesoamerica. Cambridge University Press. 2000.
- Braswell, Geoffrey E. Introduction: Reinterpreting Early Classic Interaction. Geoffrey E. Braswell (Ed.) (編). The Maya and Teotihuacan: Reinterpreting Early Classic Interaction. Austin: University of Texas Press. 2003: 1–44. ISBN 978-0-292-70587-6. OCLC 49936017.
- Campbell, Lyle. American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America. Oxford Studies in Anthropological Linguistics, 4. William Bright (series general ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. 1997. ISBN 978-0-19-509427-5. OCLC 32923907.
- Campbell, Lyle; Kaufman, Terrence; Smith-Stark, Thomas. Meso-America as a linguistic area. Language. September 1986, 62 (3): 530–58. ISSN 0097-8507. JSTOR 415477. OCLC 1361911. doi:10.2307/415477.
- Carmack, Robert M.; Gasco, Janine L.; Gossen, Gary H. Legacy of Mesoamerica, The: History and Culture of a Native American Civilization. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. 1996. ISBN 978-0-13-337445-2.
- Carrasco, Davíd; Jones, Lindsay; Sessions, Scott. Mesoamerica's Classic Heritage: From Teotihuacan to the Aztecs. Boulder, CO: University Press of Colorado. 2002.
- Coe, Michael D. Mexico: from the Olmecs to the Aztecs 4th edition, Revised and Enlarged. New York: Thames & Hudson. 1994 [1962]. ISBN 978-0-500-27722-5.
- Diehl, Richard A. The Olmecs: America's First Civilization. London: Thames & Hudson. 2004. ISBN 978-0-500-28503-9.
- Diamond, Jared. Guns, Germs and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. 1999. ISBN 978-0-393-31755-8.
- Filloy Nadal, Laura. Rubber and Rubber Balls in Mesoamerica. E. Michael Whittington (Ed.) (編). The Sport of Life and Death: The Mesoamerican Ballgame. New York: Thames & Hudson. 2001: 20–31. ISBN 978-0-500-05108-5.
- Gamio, Manuel. La Población del Valle de Teotihuacán: Representativa de las que Habitan las Regiones Rurales del Distrito Federal y de los Estados de Hidalgo, Puebla, México y Tlaxcala 2 vols. in 3. Mexico City: Talleres Gráficos de la Secretaría de Educación Pública. 1922 (西班牙語).
- Gibson, Charles. The Aztecs Under Spanish Rule. Stanford: Stanford University Press 1964.
- Kirchhoff, Paul. Mesoamérica. Sus Límites Geográficos, Composición Étnica y Caracteres Culturales. Acta Americana. 1943, 1 (1): 92–107 (西班牙語).
- Leyenaar, Ted. The Modern Ballgames of Sinaloa: a Survival of the Aztec Ullamaliztli. E. Michael Whittington (Ed.) (編). The Sport of Life and Death: The Mesoamerican Ballgame. New York: Thames & Hudson. 2001: 97–115. ISBN 978-0-500-05108-5.
- Lockhart, James. The Nahuas After the Conquest: A Social and Cultural History of the Indians of Central Mexico, Sixteenth Through Eighteenth Centuries. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. 1992. ISBN 978-8047-19278 請檢查
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值 (幫助). OCLC 24283718. - López Austin, Alfredo; López Luján, Leonardo. El pasado indígena. Mexico City: El Colegio de México. 1996. ISBN 978-968-16-4890-9 (西班牙語).
- O'Brien, Patrick (ed.). Oxford Atlas of World History. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005.
- Markman, Roberta H.; Markman, Peter T. The Flayed God: the Mesoamerican Mythological Tradition; Sacred Texts and Images from pre-Columbian Mexico and Central America. San Francisco: Harper. 1992. ISBN 978-0-06-250528-6. OCLC 25507756.
- Mendoza, Ruben G. Mesoamerican Chronology: Periodization 2. 2001: 222–226. ISBN 978-0-19-510815-6.
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被忽略 (幫助) - Palerm, Ángel. Agricultura y civilización en Mesoamérica. Mexico: Secretaría de Educación Pública. 1972. ISBN 978-968-13-0994-7 (西班牙語).
- Restall, Matthew. Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest 1st pbk. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 2004. ISBN 978-0-19-517611-7. OCLC 56695639.
- Sahagún, Bernardino de. Florentine Codex: General History of the Things of New Spain, 13 vols. in 12. vols. I–XII. Charles E. Dibble and Arthur J. O. Anderson (eds., trans., notes and illus.) translation of Historia General de las Cosas de la Nueva España. Santa Fe, NM and Salt Lake City: School of American Research and the University of Utah Press. 1950–82 [ca. 1540–85]. ISBN 978-0-87480-082-1. OCLC 276351.
- Sharer, Robert J.; Traxler, Loa P. The Ancient Maya 6th. Stanford University Press. 2006.
- Smith, Michael E. The Aztecs first. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. 1997. ISBN 978-0-631-23015-1. OCLC 48579073.
- Smith, Michael E. City Size in Late Post-Classic Mesoamerica (PDF). Journal of Urban History. May 2005, 31 (4): 403–34. ISSN 0096-1442. OCLC 1798556. doi:10.1177/0096144204274396. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2018-10-08).
- Smith, Michael E.; Masson, Marilyn. The Ancient Civilizations of Mesoamerica: A Reader. Wiley-Blackwell. 2000.
- Suaréz, Jorge A. The Mesoamerican Indian Languages. Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1983. ISBN 978-0-521-22834-3. OCLC 8034800.
- Miller, Mary; Taube, Karl. The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya: An Illustrated Dictionary of Mesoamerican Religion. London: Thames & Hudson. 1993. ISBN 978-0-500-05068-2. OCLC 27667317.
- Taladoire, Eric. The Architectural Background of the Pre-Hispanic Ballgame. E. Michael Whittington (Ed.) (編). The Sport of Life and Death: The Mesoamerican Ballgame. New York: Thames & Hudson. 2001: 97–115. ISBN 978-0-500-05108-5.
- Wauchope, Robert, general editor. Handbook of Middle American Indians. Austin: University of Texas Press 1964-1976.
- Weaver, Muriel Porter. The Aztecs, Maya, and Their Predecessors: Archaeology of Mesoamerica 3rd. San Diego: Academic Press. 1993. ISBN 978-0-01-263999-3.
- Zeitlin, Robert N.; Judith Zeitlin. The Paleoindian and Archaic Cultures of Mesoamerica 2. 2000: 45–122. ISBN 978-0-521-35165-2.
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被忽略 (幫助)
外部連結
- Maya Culture
- Mesoweb.com: a comprehensive site for Mesoamerican civilizations(頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- Museum of the Templo Mayor (Mexico) (西班牙文)
- National Museum of Anthropology and History (Mexico) (西班牙文)
- Selected bibliography concerning war in Mesoamerica (西班牙文)
- WAYEB: European Association of Mayanists(頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- Arqueologia Iberoamericana(頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館): Open access international scientific journal devoted to the archaeological study of the American and Iberian peoples. It contains research articles on Mesoamerica.
- Vistas: Visual Culture in Spanish America, 1520–1820
- Google Scholar Citations: Mesoamerica. [2019-01-27]. (原始內容存檔於2022-03-08).
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