克倫威爾征服愛爾蘭
克倫威爾征服愛爾蘭(Cromwellian conquest of Ireland)或愛爾蘭克倫威爾戰爭(Cromwellian war in Ireland,1649-1653年)是指出三國之戰期間,以奧利弗·克倫威爾為首的英格蘭議會軍隊對愛爾蘭的征服。
1641年愛爾蘭起義後,愛爾蘭大部分地區被愛爾蘭邦聯控制。1649年初,邦聯與在英國內戰中被圓顱黨擊敗的騎士黨結盟。1649年8月,奧利弗·克倫威爾以英國殘缺議會的名義率領他的新模範軍入侵愛爾蘭。1652年5月,克倫威爾的議會軍隊在愛爾蘭打敗了邦聯和騎士黨的聯盟,並佔領了愛爾蘭。然而,游擊戰又持續了一年。克倫威爾製訂了一系列針對占愛爾蘭人口絕大多數的羅馬天主教徒的刑法,沒收了羅馬天主教徒大量土地。
克倫威爾征服愛爾蘭導致了愛爾蘭出現饑荒[1][2][3][4],而鼠疫的爆發使得饑荒更為嚴重。據估計,克倫威爾征服愛爾蘭導致愛爾蘭人口下降幅度從15%到83%不等[5]。克倫威爾的軍隊還帶來了約5萬人的契約勞工[6]。
參考文獻
- ^ Prendergast, John Patrick. The Cromwellian settlement of Ireland. P.M. Haverty. 2 January 1868.
- ^ Inventory of Conflict and Environment (ICE), Cromwell's Famine. mandalaprojects.com. [2021-01-02]. (原始內容存檔於2019-11-18).
- ^ Historical Context - The Down Survey Project. downsurvey.tcd.ie. [2021-01-02]. (原始內容存檔於2019-08-07).
- ^ Padraig Lenihan, Confederate Catholics at War (2001) p112, 'As late as 1650, provisions were cheaper in Ireland than in England; the famine of 1651 onwards was a man made response to stubborn guerrilla warfare. Collective reprisals against the civilian population included forcing them out of designated no man's lands and the systematic destruction of foodstuffs'.
- ^ 15–25%
- Padraig Lenihan, Confederate Catholics at War, p112
- The History and Social Influence of the Potato, Redcliffe N. Salaman, Edited by JG Hawkes, 9780521316231, Cambridge University Press
- How many died during Cromwell’s campaign? (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- ^ Down Survey. Trinity College Dublin Department of History. [19 March 2016]. (原始內容存檔於2019-08-07).