利奧城牆
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利奧城牆(意大利語:Mura leonine)是公元9世紀教宗良四世修建的羅馬城牆[1],位於台伯河西岸,包括了未包括在古羅馬奧勒良城牆(271年至275年期間興建)內的梵蒂岡以及博爾戈區。
歷史
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846年阿拉伯人突襲羅馬,搶掠聖伯多祿大殿。此後,教宗良四世下令修建利奧城牆,保護聖殿[2]。城牆於848年至852年期間修築,長3公里,首次將梵蒂岡山完全包圍起來。[3]。城牆上開了三個城門。[4]852年6月27日,舉行了竣工慶祝活動[5]。
參考文獻
- ^ Ferdinand Gregorovius, Annie Hamilton, tr. History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages, vol. 3, 1903 ch. III "The Leonine City" pp 95ff.
- ^ Hodges, Richard. Mohammed, Charlemagne & the Origins of Europe, p. 168. Cornell University Press, 1983. ISBN 0-8014-9262-9
- ^ Wards-Perkins, Bryan. From Classical Antiquity to the Middle Ages, p. 195. Oxford University Press, 1984. ISBN 0-19-821898-2
- ^ Gregorovius/Hamilton 1903:97.
- ^ Gregorovius/Hamilton 1903:99f.
- Gibson, Sheila and Bryan Ward-Perkins. "The Surviving Remains of the Leonine Wall". Papers of the British School at Rome, 47 (1979): 30–57.
- Hodges, Richard. Mohammed, Charlemagne & the Origins of Europe. Cornell University Press, 1983. ISBN 0-8014-9262-9
- Wards-Perkins, Bryan. From Classical Antiquity to the Middle Ages. Oxford University Press, 1984. ISBN 0-19-821898-2