東亞人種
東亞人種,是主要分佈於包括東亞多個國家境內的多個族群的統稱。現代東亞人、東南亞人和西伯利亞人的祖先通過「南路散佈」途徑南亞進入東南亞大陸,大約在公元前 45,000 年前定居在東亞。截至2020年,東亞地區的總人口為16.77億,佔世界人口的21%。[1]
分佈
人種與民族的含義與範圍各有異同。民族主要基於族群的文化認同,而種族主要基於人類的生物學基礎。在歷史發展過程中,由於文化融合等因素可以使得民族發生變化,同樣種族由於族群的融合等因素,作為遺傳特徵會被保留下來,進而成為研究族群遷移及融合的依據。
東亞人種主要分佈於東亞、東南亞、北亞地區,漢族、壯族、傣族、京族、苗族、朝鮮民族、大和民族、阿伊努族、白族、回族、滿族、蒙古族、蒙古語族群、尼夫赫人、羌族、琉球族、藏族以及雅庫特人都是東亞人。[2][3][4][5][6]東南亞人和西伯利亞人與東亞人關係密切,與美洲原住民有着部分共同的祖先。主要的東亞語系是漢藏語系、日語系、阿伊努語系、蒙古語系、通古斯語系、苗族語系、侗台語系、南島語系和南亞語系。
歷史和遺傳起源
在智人在世界上定居的過程中,大約在 50,000 年前(50 kya)到達了東亞。 早期的「走出非洲」血統(70 kya)在西南亞某處以大約 50 kya 的距離分化為可識別的東亞和西歐亞血統。 早期的東亞人使用一條穿過印度的南方路線進入東南亞。 這個早期的東亞血統在末次盛冰期進一步分化,從東亞大陸傳出,通過白令陸路約 25 kya 對美洲人口做出了重大貢獻。 早期東亞人群可能在大約 35,000 年前的中國某個地方已經初步形成。[9][10][11][12][13]。
從 Y-DNA 研究來看,東歐亞父系血統似乎在大約 50,000 年前從一個單一來源的人群在亞洲擴展,該人群帶有父系遺傳C、D 和 K(N、O、P、M 和 S),但這群人同時也是北歐亞人與大洋洲相關人群的祖先。母系(B、F、M7、A、C、D、M等). 他們穿越喜馬拉雅山脈,前往東南亞[14]。
根據目前流行的假說,一個獨特的「基礎東亞人口」(稱為「東亞和東南亞血統」(簡稱:「ESEA」);是現代東亞人、東南亞矮黑人、東南亞人、波利尼西亞人和西伯利亞人的祖先), 起源於東南亞大陸(約公元前 45,000 年),並通過多次向南和向北的移民浪潮擴張。 這種「ESEA 血統」也是東南亞 Hoabinhian(尼格利陀人)狩獵採集者和中國北方發現的天元血統(~40,000BCe)的祖先。「ESEA」血統來自更廣泛的「東歐亞」人群,它也是美洲原住民、古印度土著 (「AASI」) 和澳大利亞人 (「AA」) 的祖先。但值得注意的是,東南亞 Hoabinhian(尼格利陀人)不是現代東南亞人的主要祖先來源,現代東南亞人來自更晚近的東亞人群。[15]。
中南大學最近的研究(2019年和2020年)揭示了表徵東亞人的獨特基因和DNA譜系。東亞人可以與歐洲人和非洲人區分開來[17][18]。
最新的遺傳學研究,認為智人在出非洲後,首先在距今四萬到五萬年前,分化為西歐亞人(West Eurasian)與東歐亞人(East Eurasian)兩個人群,東歐亞人之後又在分化成東亞人(East Asian)、大洋洲人群、古印度土著(AASI)、和平文化人群、繩紋人等人群。之後東亞人在約距今兩萬年前,又在分化成了北東亞人(Northern East Asian)與南東亞人(Southern East Asian),北東亞人是新石器黃河農夫、古東北亞人與新西伯利亞人的主要基因來源,而南東亞人是新石器長江農夫與現代東南亞人的主要基因來源。現代中國人是在距今萬年以內,由北東亞人與南東亞人混合而形成的。[19] [20][21][22]
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參見
- 漢民族的起源與形成—體質人類學的新視角
- 劉海萍,雲南蒙古族體質特徵與群體遺傳學特性研究
- 埃里克斯·瑞里 (Alex Riley),西藏人如何在「世界屋脊」生存