三色堇
三色堇![]() | |
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科学分类 ![]() | |
界: | 植物界 Plantae |
演化支: | 维管植物 Tracheophyta |
演化支: | 被子植物 Angiosperms |
演化支: | 真双子叶植物 Eudicots |
演化支: | 蔷薇类植物 Rosids |
目: | 金虎尾目 Malpighiales |
科: | 堇菜科 Violaceae |
属: | 堇菜属 Viola |
种: | 三色堇 V. tricolor
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二名法 | |
Viola tricolor L., 1753
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三色堇(学名:Viola tricolor;英语:wild pansy)是堇菜科堇菜属的一年生或短期多年生草本植物,又名三色堇菜(中国植物图鉴)、蝴蝶花、三色紫罗兰、人脸花、阿拉叶-尼勒-其其格(蒙语),在欧洲是常见的野花,也常栽培于公园中,是一种常见的园艺植物。三色堇也被引进北美,并在当地广泛繁衍。
三色堇以露天栽种为宜,无论花坛、庭园、盆栽皆适合。不适合种于室内,因为光线不足,生长会迟缓,枝叶无法充分茁壮,导致无法开花,开花后也不应移入室内,以长保花朵寿命。
特征
株高10-40厘米,茎直立或稍倾,具棱,无枝或多分枝,基生叶长圆形或披针形,具长柄,茎生叶卵形或长披针形,先端钝圆,基部圆,叶缘具圆形或钝疏齿,上部叶柄长,下部叶柄短,托叶大,叶片状,羽状深裂,长1-4厘米。花直径3.5-6厘米,每茎3-10朵,每朵通常为有紫、白、黄三色,栽培种有其他不同颜色,花梗稍粗,叶腋单生,上部具对生三角卵形小苞片2枚,萼片绿色,长披针形,长1.2-2.2厘米,宽3-5毫米,先端尖,边缘荚膜质,基部具附属物,长3-6毫米,边缘不齐;上侧花瓣一般均为深紫色,两侧和下侧花瓣均为三色且具紫条纹,两侧花瓣内面基部被密须毛,下方花距较细,长5-8毫米;子房无毛,花柱短,基部膝曲明显,柱头球状膨大,先端具较大柱头孔。蒴果椭球形,无毛,长8-12毫米。染色体2n=20、26、42或46。花期4-7月,果期5-8月。[1]
异名
- Mnemion elegans Spach
- Mnemion sagotii (Jord.) Fourr.
- Mnemion sudeticum Fourr.
- Mnemion tricolor (L.) Spach
- Mnemion variatum (Jord.) Fourr.
- Viola alpestris subsp. paulini Hayek
- Viola ammotropha E.H.L.Krause
- Viola banatica Kit. ex Schult.
- Viola bella Gren.
- Viola bicolor Hoffm.
- Viola calcarata Vill.
- Viola calcaratasubsp. grandiflora (L.) Nyman, 1878
- Viola calcarata var. grandiflora (L.) Rouy & Foucaud, 1896
- Viola cenisia Schangin
- Viola confinis Jord. ex Nyman
- Viola curtisiae E.Forst.
- Viola deminuta Schur
- Viola derelicta Jord.
- Viola flavida Jord.
- Viola foucaudii Sav.
- Viola garganica Strobl
- Viola gracilis Martrin-Donos ex Nyman
- Viola grandiflora L.
- Viola kupffieri Klokov
- Viola lepida Jord.
- Viola leptoceras Schur
- Viola lilascens Heldr. ex Boiss.
- Viola lloydii Jord. ex Boreau
- Viola lutea var. sagotii (Jord.) Nyman, 1878
- Viola lutea var. vivariensis (Jord.) Nyman, 1878
- Viola maritima Spreng.
- Viola maritima Spreng. ex Mert. & W.D.J.Koch
- Viola media (DC.) Chaillet ex Schult.
- Viola meduanensis Boreau
- Viola mentita Jord.
- Viola micrantha Bertol.
- Viola mucuzii Orph. ex Nyman
- Viola mutabilis Rochel
- Viola occulta Otto
- Viola olonnensis Genev.
- Viola paillouxi Jord.
- Viola pallescens Jord.
- Viola parviflora Kit. ex Schult.
- Viola peregrina Jord.
- Viola peregrina Jord. ex Boreau
- Viola perennis Vilm.
- Viola perrobusta Borbás
- Viola provostii Boreau
- Viola pseudolutea Schur
- Viola ruralis Jord. ex Boreau
- Viola sabulosa (DC. ex Ging.) Boreau
- Viola sagotii Jord.
- Viola saxatilis var. vivariensis (Jord.) Gren., 1847
- Viola soongorica Fisch.
- Viola soongorica Fisch. ex Ledeb.
- Viola subtilis Jord.
- Viola symei Baker
- Viola tenella Michx.
- Viola tenella Muhl.
- Viola tricolor f. tenella Farw.
- Viola tricolor subsp. alpestris (DC.) Schinz & R.Keller, 1905
- Viola tricolor subsp. grandiflora (L.) Berher, 1887
- Viola tricolor subsp. ruralis (Jord. ex Boreau) Berher, 1887
- Viola tricolor subsp. vivariensis (Jord.) Rouy & Foucaud, 1896
- Viola tricolor var. alpestris DC.
- Viola tricolor var. ammotropha Wittr.
- Viola tricolor var. derelicta (Jord.) Nyman, 1878
- Viola tricolor var. pallescens (Jord.) Nyman, 1878
- Viola tricolor var. sabulosa DC.
- Viola tricolor var. sabulosa DC. ex Ging.
- Viola tricolor var. sagotii (Jord.) Gaut., 1898
- Viola tricolor var. subalpina Latourr.
- Viola tricolor var. vectensis N.H.Williams
- Viola variata Jord.
- Viola variegata Vuk.
- Viola vectensis (F.N.Williams) Drabble
- Viola versicolor Salisb.
- Viola virgata Gren.
- Viola vivariensis Jord.
亚种
- Viola tricolor subsp. alpestris (Ging.) Ces.
- Viola tricolor subsp. curtisii (E.Forst.) Syme
- Viola tricolor subsp. faeroeënsis Becker
- Viola tricolor subsp. maritima Schweigg. ex Clausen
- Viola tricolor subsp. matutina (Klokov) Valentine
- Viola tricolor subsp. polychroma (A.Kern.) Nyman
- Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor
文化
三色堇为冰岛原产花卉,定为国花。三色堇也是波兰的国花。
意大利人对三色堇的花语定义为“思慕”和“想念我吧”,通常都是指恋人之间的思念。也有些人定义三色堇的花语为白日梦。
用途
三色堇本身是一种美丽的观赏植物,但由于花朵较小,常见栽培的大多是其衍生杂交种,如大花三色堇、小花三色堇。
三色堇的花可以食用,常用来装饰甜点。
图集
参考文献
- ^ 王庆瑞 (编). 中国植物志 第51卷 (PDF). 北京: 科学出版社. : 127 [2010年1月1日]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2014年1月4日) (中文).
- ^ Clausen, Jens Christian. Genetical and cytological investigations on Viola tricolor L. and V. arvensis Murr.. Hereditas. 1926, 8 (1-2): 1–156 [2021-05-01]. ISSN 1601-5223. doi:10.1111/j.1601-5223.1926.tb03159.x. (原始内容存档于2021-05-25).
外部链接
- (简体中文)中国数字植物标本馆中的相关内容:三色堇
- 三色堇, Sansejin(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) 药用植物图像数据库 (香港浸会大学中医药学院) (繁体中文)(英文)
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