规范语素

规范语素（英语：Bound morpheme）又称不自由语素、黏着语素，在语言学中，指不能独立存在，必须附属于其他语素或词根的语素。^[1] 与此相对的是自由语素。^[2] 以英语为例，大多数词缀都是规范语素。如动词现在分词式的后缀“-ing”、动词过去分词式的后缀“-ed”、名词施事格后缀“-er”、表示预先的述时性前缀“pre-”等等，都是规范语素。另部分词缀如“mega-”、“hyper-”等则为自由语素。个别语素如表示之后的述时性前缀“post-”，虽然看似能够独立存在，但由于单词“post”在语义和语源上都与前缀“post-”无关，两者除拼法相同外，并无实质关系，故“post-”是规范语素。

注释

^ Kroeger, Paul. Analyzing Grammar: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2005: 13. ISBN 978-0-521-01653-7.
^ Elson and Pickett, Beginning Morphology and Syntax, SIL, 1968, ISBN 978-0-88312-925-8, p6: Morphemes which may occur alone are called free forms; morphemes which never occur alone are called bound forms.

参见

[1] Kroeger, Paul. Analyzing Grammar: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2005: 13. ISBN 978-0-521-01653-7.

[2] Elson and Pickett, Beginning Morphology and Syntax, SIL, 1968, ISBN 978-0-88312-925-8, p6: Morphemes which may occur alone are called free forms; morphemes which never occur alone are called bound forms.

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