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域 (生物)

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生物分类法上八个主要的分类单元,生物被分成三个域,并进一步被划分成其他分类单元。本图没有显示较小的中间分类单元。

生物分类学中,(英语:domain、empire拉丁语regio)或总界superkingdom)是美国生物学家卡尔·沃斯1990年设计的三域系统中最高的分类单元,该系统中,生命之树英语Tree of life (biology)包含细菌古菌真核生物等三个域,其中前两者为原核生物,不具有细胞核;后者则具有细胞核和内膜系统包裹的细胞器[参1]

三域生物特色

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基于16S 核糖体RNA序列的系统发生树,显示了可明显区别的三支:细菌、古菌和真核生物

古菌

古菌属于单细胞原核生物,外形类似细菌,但部分分子序列与代谢途径与真核生物较相近,其细胞膜醚酯英语Ether lipid所组成,不同于另两域生物细胞膜主要成分为酯类[参2]。早期发现的古菌多为嗜极生物,后来渐发现古菌普遍存在各种环境中[参3]

细菌

细菌也属于单细胞原核生物,其细胞膜为酯类组成,广泛分布于不同环境中,外形、营养方式与生长环境都有很高的多样性。细菌的大小一般为0.5-5微米,少数特例如纳米比亚嗜硫珠菌[参4]费氏刺骨鱼菌英语Epulopiscium fishelsoni可大至0.5毫米而能以肉眼观察[参5],而小型者如霉浆菌仅有约0.3微米,与大型的病毒大小相仿[参6],甚至还有更小的超微细菌英语Ultramicrobacteria[参7]

真核生物

真核生物具有细胞核以及多种膜结构组成的内膜系统,包括动物植物真菌[参8]。2005年,国际原生生物学家协会英语International Society of Protistologists将真核生物分为六个超类群(supergroups),包括后鞭毛生物古虫界变形虫界囊泡藻界有孔虫界原始色素体生物[参9][参10],但随即有学者质疑囊泡藻界并非单系群,并有后续研究将其拆分[参11][参12]。近年来持续有许多真核生物的分类理论被提出[参13][参14]

分类

2002年,英国生物学家汤玛斯·卡弗利尔-史密斯提出了新壁总域的概念,即古菌与真核生物共同组成一演化支,为细菌中放线菌门姊妹群[参15]。后续分子系统发生学的研究亦支持古菌与真核生物的亲缘关系较与细菌的亲缘关系近[参16]

其他分类系统

三域系统(上)与泉古菌假说英语Eocyte hypothesis(下)

除了三域系统外,其他较常用的分类系统还包括:

参考资料

    参:

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