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台风哈洛拉（戈林）
Typhoon Halola (Goring)
台风（日本）
二级台风（美国）
7月22日，正处最高强度的台风哈洛拉
形成2015年7月10日
消散2015年7月26日
最高风速10分钟持续： 150公里/小时（90英里/小时）
1分钟持续： 155公里/小时（100英里/小时）
最低气压955百帕（毫巴）；28.2英寸汞柱
死亡无
损失$124万（2015年美元）
影响地区威克岛、日本、大韩民国
2015年太平洋飓风及台风季的一部分

台风哈洛拉（英语：Typhoon Halola），在菲律宾被称为台风戈林（英语：Typhoon Goring），是2015年7月的一个规模较小但持续时间较长的热带气旋，在太平洋上横越7,640公里。哈洛拉是2015年太平洋飓风季的第五个获命名的风暴，起源于一道位于西太平洋的季风槽，该槽在7月5日扩展到中太平洋。在接下来的几天里，系统因风切变的变化而起伏不定，然后于7月10日在夏威夷州西南方发展成热带低气压。该低气压在翌日向西移动时增强为热带风暴哈洛拉。哈洛拉于7月13日越过国际日期变更线进入西太平洋，在那里即时被认定为强烈热带风暴。风暴于翌日进一步增强为台风，然后于7 月16日遭遇强烈的风切变，并在经过威克岛以南时迅速减弱为热带低气压。然而，风切变在7月19日放缓，使哈洛拉重新增强。7月21日，哈洛拉再次达到台风的标准，随后达到十分钟持续风速每小时150公里、最低气压955百帕（毫巴；28.20英寸汞柱）的最高强度。7月23日起，增强的风切变和干空气导致哈洛拉缓慢减弱。系统于7月25日开始转向北移动并降至低于台风的标准。哈洛拉于7月26日以热带风暴的标准登陆九州，不久后在对马海峡消散。

台风最初对威克岛构成重大威胁，促使所有人员从该岛的军事基地（英语：Wake Island Airfield）撤离。然而，在它靠近期间并无造成任何损失。琉球群岛受到暴雨和强风吹袭，德之岛的降雨量创历史新高。水灾和山泥倾泻迫使数千人撤离。尽管甘蔗作物遭受的损失达1.54亿日元（124万美元），但整体损失相对有限。九州有两人受伤。

气象历史

根据萨菲尔-辛普森飓风风力等级的强度绘制的风暴路径图
图例
萨菲尔-辛普森飓风风力等级
  热带低气压（≤62 km/h）
  热带风暴（63–118 km/h）
  一级（119–153 km/h）
  二级（154–177 km/h）
  三级（178–208 km/h）
  四级（209–251 km/h）
  五级（≥252 km/h）
  未知

台风哈洛拉的起源可以追溯到一道位于西太平洋的季风槽，该槽在7月3日催生出一个较弱的低层环流。到7月5日，该槽向东扩展到中太平洋并带来环流。该槽后来在中太平洋促成另外两个热带气旋：埃拉（Ela）和尤内（Iune）。7月6日，该环流开始变得更有组织。随着深层对流有所增加，它于翌日开始脱离该槽并向北漂移。7月7日晚上，一个上层反气旋向北移动并远离环流中心，导致系统受到东风切变影响，其发展趋势暂时受阻。7月9日晚上，该环流只剩下一团云层漩涡。然后风切变有所放缓，使暴露的低层环流被深层对流覆盖。系统继续组织，并于7月10日6时在夏威夷州檀香山西南约1,650公里处发展成热带低气压。该新生的低气压在接下来的几天里继续缓慢地加强，中太平洋飓风中心于7月11日0时将其升级为热带风暴哈洛拉。风暴以北的一个高压脊引导其向西移，尽管在7月12日该脊被一个上层低压槽减弱，使哈洛拉的移动得到一定的北向量。该槽还为哈洛拉带来轻微的西北风切变，导致哈洛拉的一分钟持续风速达到每小时95公里后便趋于平稳[1]。7月13日0时，哈洛拉越过国际日期变更线进入西太平洋[1]，该区属于日本气象厅的管辖范围，该气象厅即时将其认定为强烈热带风暴[2]。

7月14日，位于威克岛东南方、接近首波最高强度的台风哈洛拉

进入西太平洋后，哈洛拉开始迅速增强，形成一个直径15公里宽的细小风眼及打开良好的外流通道[3]。因此，日本气象厅评估哈洛拉已于7月14日0时增强为台风。尽管眼状特征很快便消失，但其对流继续加深，哈洛拉在6时达到十分钟持续风速每小时130公里的首波最高强度[4][2]。美国联合台风警报中心同时判断哈洛拉的一分钟持续风速达每小时155公里，相当于萨菲尔-辛普森飓风风力等级中的二级标准[5]。此后不久，风切变增加和外流量减少导致其逐渐减弱[6]。7月15日6时，该系统在靠近威克岛时降至低于台风的标准[2]。7月16日，当哈洛拉从威克岛以南掠过时，对流被切离低层环流中心以东，反映系统的结构混乱[7]。在上层环境不利的情况下，哈洛拉于7月17日减弱为热带低气压，且在未来两天仍将维持此强度[2]。由于系统在强高压脊的影响下稳定向西移动，遇到干空气，进一步限制其雷暴活动直到7月18日[8]。

7月19日，哈洛拉周边的环境开始好转。风切变减弱，风暴向西北偏西移动，进入空气较湿润的区域[9]。结果，系统重新开始整合，在18时再次增强为热带风暴[2]，成为西北太平洋重生的风暴（日语：復活台風）。当哈洛拉横过海面温度接近摄氏30度的水域时，微波卫星影像上可以观测到一眼状特征[10]。随后风暴迅速增强，系统在7月20日6时达到强烈热带风暴的标准，18小时后更达到台风的标准[2]。随着风暴增强，风眼的直径收窄到9公里[11]，最终在7月21日18时达到十分钟持续风速每小时150公里、最低气压955百帕（毫巴；28.20英寸汞柱）的最高强度[2]。在接下来的12小时内，哈洛拉的风眼逐渐崩塌但及后重新形成，其强度略有减弱[12][13]。尽管外流情况转差，哈洛拉在7月22日的组织仍然良好且系统的结构紧密[14]，联合台风警报中心评估它在12时再次达到风力时速155公里的一分钟持续风速[5]。

7月23日，随着风切变再次增强，加上干空气开始冲击系统，哈洛拉开始逐渐减弱[2][15]。台风在8时之前进入菲律宾责任区，菲律宾大气地球物理和天文服务管理局给予当地名称“戈林”（Goring）[16]。风暴仍停留在菲律宾东北方较远洋面并于翌日离开菲律宾责任区[17]。到7月24日晚上，干空气完全包围哈洛拉的环流，导致其对流缓慢地消散。系统于7月25日减弱至低于台风的标准，并开始转向北移动[18][2]。在此期间，哈洛拉横过琉球群岛，在冲绳岛东北方掠过并直接接触奄美群岛[19]。7月26日，哈洛拉以热带风暴的标准先在9时半登陆长崎县西海市，再于10时登陆同县的佐世保市[2][20][21]。气旋很快便受陆地相互作用影响[22]。数小时后，随着哈洛拉在九州以北消散，日本气象厅发布针对它的最后一报[2]，这结束哈洛拉16天、横越太平洋长达7,640公里的旅程[19]。

Impact

Wake Island

The C-17 Globemaster III aircraft used for the evacuation of Wake Island

Typhoon Halola was the first significant threat to Wake Island since Hurricane Ioke in 2006, which caused tremendous damage and forced the closure of the island for three months. The Tropical Cyclone Condition of Readiness (TCCOR) level was raised to 3—indicating winds of 93 km/h（58 mph） or higher were possible within 48 hours—by 2:00 p.m. local time on July 14.[23] That day, a Boeing C-17 Globemaster III aircraft from the Hawaii Air National Guard was used to evacuate 125 Department of Defense personnel deployed on Wake Island due to the threat of storm surge. The evacuees were brought to Anderson Air Force Base on Guam.[24][25] The TCCOR was raised to level 2—indicating winds of 93 km/h（58 mph） or higher were expected within 48 hours—on July 15. Warnings were discontinued as the storm weakened and moved away from the island the following day.[23]

Members of the 36th Contingency Response Group and the 353d Special Operations Group were parachuted onto the island on July 18 to conduct damage assessments and clear the airfield of debris.[26] Little, if any, damage was incurred according to their assessments.[27] The airfield was re-opened on July 20 and personnel resumed normal operations.[26]

Japan and South Korea

Tropical Storm Halola approaching Kyushu, Japan on July 26

On July 22, Sasebo Naval Base was placed on alert for possible effects from the approaching typhoon. TCCOR 3 was raised for all United States military bases in Okinawa the next morning. This was subsequently extended on July 24 to cover Sasebo and Marine Corps Air Station Iwakuni while the bases on Okinawa were placed under TCCOR 2. Additionally, TCCOR 4—indicating winds of 93 km/h（58 mph） were possible within 72 hours—was raised for Camp Walker and Chinhae Naval Base in South Korea. During the evening of July 24, TCCOR 1—indicating winds of 93 km/h（58 mph） were expected within 12 hours—was issued for the Okinawa bases. Sasebo Naval Base entered TCCOR 1 late on July 25. Following the storm's degradation into a depression on July 26, all TCCOR levels were dropped or reduced.[23] More than 100 flights to and from Naha Airport were cancelled, affecting approximately 16,000 passengers, with All Nippon Airways comprising the majority of affected flights.[23] Eight flights to and from Kumejima were also canceled.[28] 23 highway bus services by 16 operators were suspended.[29] The JMA warned residents across Kyushu to be on alert for flooding.[30]

Owing to the typhoon's northward turn, Okinawa was largely spared. Sustained winds at Kadena Air Base reached 48 km/h（30 mph）, with gusts reaching 69 km/h（43 mph）.[23] East of Okinawa in the Daitō Islands, sustained winds reached 114 km/h（71 mph） on Minamidaitōjima with a gust of 157 km/h（98 mph）; both values were the highest in relation to the storm on land. Similar winds were recorded on Amami Ōshima, situated between Okinawa and Kyushu. Torrential rains affected portions of the archipelago, with Isen, Tokunoshima, receiving record-breaking accumulations. Twenty-four-hour totals reached 444 mm（17.5英寸）, including 114.5 mm（4.51英寸） in one hour and 258.5 mm（10.18英寸） in three hours; all three values were record amounts since the station began observations in 1977 and considered a 1-in-50 year event.[19][31] Rainfall reached 109 mm（4.3英寸） on Okinoerabujima.[32] Ironically, Halola helped suppress rainfall across the majority of mainland Japan by severing a plume of moisture previously bringing several days of heavy rain. Most areas across western Japan received modest rainfall from the dissipating storm.[19]

Throughout the Daitō Islands, sugarcane farms were significantly affected by Typhoon Halola, resulting in ¥154 million (US$1.24 million) in damage.[33] The heavy rains on Tokunoshima prompted the evacuation of 7,500 residents and flooding damaged 90 homes.[19][34] Multiple landslides were reported on the island.[34] Power outages took place on Kitadaitōjima and Minamidaitō.[35] A landslide in Kunigami forced the closure of National Route 331.[36] In mainland Japan, one person was injured in Kumamoto Prefecture, Kyushu, after falling from a roof, while another person in Nagasaki hit their head after falling from a ladder.[37] In Akita Prefecture, Honshu, river levees along the Sainai River were breached by heavy rain brought on by the combination of a weather front and the remnants of Halola.[37][38] In response to the effects of Halola as well as Typhoon Nangka which struck Japan ten days earlier, the Cabinet of Japan activated additional financial support for affected areas through the Catastrophic Disasters Act.[37]

See also

References

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Derek Wroe. Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Halola (PDF) (报告). Central Pacific Hurricane Center. July 9, 2017 [December 28, 2019]. 
  2. ^ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 Typhoon Best Track 2015-08-25T01:00:00Z (报告). Japan Meteorological Agency. [December 28, 2019]. （原始内容存档于August 9, 2017）. 
  3. ^ Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 01C (Halola) Warning Nr 16. Joint Typhoon Warning Center. July 14, 2015 [December 29, 2019]. （原始内容存档于July 14, 2015）. 
  4. ^ Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 01C (Halola) Warning Nr 17. Joint Typhoon Warning Center. July 14, 2015 [December 29, 2019]. （原始内容存档于July 14, 2015）. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 J. H. Chu; A. Levine; S. Daida; D. Schiber; E. Fukada; C. R. Sampson. Western North Pacific Ocean Best Track Data 2015. United States Naval Research Laboratory Marine Meteorology Division & Joint Typhoon Warning Center. [December 30, 2019]. 
  6. ^ Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 01C (Halola) Warning Nr 18. Joint Typhoon Warning Center. July 14, 2015 [December 29, 2019]. （原始内容存档于July 14, 2015）. 
  7. ^ Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 01C (Halola) Warning Nr 25. Joint Typhoon Warning Center. July 16, 2015 [December 29, 2019]. （原始内容存档于July 16, 2015）. 
  8. ^ Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Depression 01C (Halola) Warning Nr 32. Joint Typhoon Warning Center. July 18, 2015 [December 29, 2019]. （原始内容存档于July 21, 2015）. 
  9. ^ Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Depression 01C (Halola) Warning Nr 38. Joint Typhoon Warning Center. July 19, 2015 [December 29, 2019]. （原始内容存档于July 21, 2015）. 
  10. ^ Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Storm 01C (Halola) Warning Nr 41. Joint Typhoon Warning Center. July 20, 2015 [December 29, 2019]. （原始内容存档于July 21, 2015）. 
  11. ^ Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 01C (Halola) Warning Nr 46. Joint Typhoon Warning Center. July 21, 2015 [December 30, 2019]. （原始内容存档于July 21, 2015）. 
  12. ^ Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 01C (Halola) Warning Nr 47. Joint Typhoon Warning Center. July 21, 2015 [December 30, 2019]. （原始内容存档于July 21, 2015）. 
  13. ^ Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 01C (Halola) Warning Nr 48. Joint Typhoon Warning Center. July 22, 2015 [December 30, 2019]. （原始内容存档于July 22, 2015）. 
  14. ^ Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 01C (Halola) Warning Nr 51. Joint Typhoon Warning Center. July 22, 2015 [December 30, 2019]. （原始内容存档于July 24, 2015）. 
  15. ^ Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 01C (Halola) Warning Nr 53. Joint Typhoon Warning Center. July 23, 2015 [December 30, 2019]. （原始内容存档于July 24, 2015）. 
  16. ^ Severe Weather Bulletin #1 Tropical Cyclone Alert: Typhoon 'Goring'. Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Services Administration. July 23, 2015. （原始内容存档于November 17, 2015）. 
  17. ^ Severe Weather Bulletin #5 Tropical Cyclone Alert: Typhoon 'Goring'. Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Services Administration. July 24, 2015. （原始内容存档于November 17, 2015）. 
  18. ^ Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 01C (Halola) Warning Nr 58. Joint Typhoon Warning Center. July 24, 2015 [December 30, 2019]. （原始内容存档于July 26, 2015）. 
  19. ^ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 Nick Wiltgen. Typhoon Halola Reaches End of 17-Day Journey Through Pacific (Recap). Atlanta, Georgia: The Weather Channel. July 27, 2015 [December 23, 2015]. 
  20. ^ 平成２７年　台風第１２号に関する情報　第９４号. Japan Meteorological Agency. [July 26, 2015]. （原始内容存档于July 26, 2015） （日语）. 
  21. ^ 平成２７年　台風第１２号に関する情報　第９６号. Japan Meteorological Agency. [July 26, 2015]. （原始内容存档于July 26, 2015） （日语）. 
  22. ^ Tropical Depression 01C (Halola) Warning Nr 066. Joint Typhoon Warning Center. July 26, 2015 [December 30, 2019]. （原始内容存档于July 27, 2015）. 
  23. ^ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 Dave Ornauer. Pacific Storm Tracker: [Typhoon Halola]. Stars and Stripes. July 25, 2015 [December 23, 2015]. 
  24. ^ Total force effort ensures successful typhoon evacuation. Anderson Air Force Base, Guam: Pacific Air Forces. July 15, 2015 [December 23, 2015]. 
  25. ^ Senior Airman Orlando Corpuz. Total force effort ensures successful typhoon evacuation. Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam, Hawaii: 154th Wing. July 17, 2015 [December 23, 2015]. 
  26. ^ 26.0 26.1 353rd SOG collaborates with 36th CRG to open Wake Island airfield. Wake Island: Defense Media Activity. Defense Video & Imagery Distribution System. July 20, 2015 [December 23, 2015]. 
  27. ^ Senior Airman Alexander W. Riedel. Contingency response Airmen assist in Wake Island storm recovery. Wake Island: United States Air Force. July 22, 2015 [December 23, 2015]. 
  28. ^ 台風12号：久米島、鹿児島便など船の欠航８便. Okinawa Times. July 26, 2015 [December 23, 2015] （日语）. 
  29. ^ 平成28年台風12号による被害状況等について (PDF) (报告). 内阁府. July 28, 2015 [December 30, 2019] （日语）. 
  30. ^ 台風１２号、熱帯低気圧に　長崎・佐世保に上陸後. 朝日新闻. July 26, 2015 [December 23, 2015] （日语）. 
  31. ^ 台風１２号　徳之島で「５０年に１度」の記録的大雨　伊仙町で１時間に１１４ミリ. 产経ニュース. July 25, 2015 [December 23, 2015]. （原始内容存档于July 28, 2015） （日语）. 
  32. ^ Kristina Pydynowski. Halola Weakens, Bringing Rain to Japan. AccuWeather. July 27, 2015 [December 23, 2015]. （原始内容存档于August 1, 2015）. 
  33. ^ 台風１２号、キビ被害１億５４００万　南北大東. Ryūkyū Shimpō. July 28, 2015 [July 29, 2015] （日语）. 
  34. ^ 34.0 34.1 台風１２号　徳之島町で浸水被害９０棟. Yomiuri Shimbun. July 27, 2015 [December 23, 2015] （日语）. 
  35. ^ 大雨・暴風　大東と沖縄本島の生活に影響. Okinawa Times. July 26, 2015 [December 23, 2015] （日语）. 
  36. ^ 国頭林道２ヵ所、台風で土砂崩れ　東村国道、復旧進まず. Ryūkyū Shimpō. July 28, 2015 [December 23, 2015] （日语）. 
  37. ^ 37.0 37.1 37.2 平成27年台風第12号による大雨等に係る被害状況等について (PDF) (报告). 内阁府. July 27, 2015 [July 30, 2015] （日语）. 
  38. ^ 県内大雨、斉内川の堤防決壊 JRダイヤも混乱. 秋田魁新报社. July 25, 2015 [July 30, 2015]. （原始内容存档于August 2, 2015） （日语）. 
维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源：A1Cafel/Halola
2015年太平洋飓风季的热带气旋（编辑）
5
P
（历史）
萨菲尔-辛普森飓风风力等级
TD TS C1 C2 C3 C4 C5



* 中太平洋飓风
# 大西洋飓风


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