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乳管

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顯微鏡下北疆風鈴草葉柄中的乳管

乳管植物體內一種分泌特殊次生代謝物的細胞組織,能夠產生乳膠[1]。乳管在大戟科菊科夾竹桃科蘿摩科罌粟科山欖科等約41個被子植物中都有分布[2]

生長機制

乳管是一種具有長管狀、多細胞核的特化細胞,其生長主要通過兩種機制實現[1]

  • 細胞融合生長:細胞之間通過細胞壁降解實現融合,使多個細胞核共享細胞質[3]
  • 侵入性生長:單一細胞通過細胞核分裂但細胞質不分裂的方式延伸和擴大[4]

分類

根據乳管生長方式和成熟形態,可分為無節乳管和有節乳管兩大類[1]

在同一植物科中,可能同時存在有節和無節兩種乳管,如大戟科的大戟屬為無節乳管,而橡膠樹屬則為有節乳管[1]。一些曾被認為是無節乳管的植物在電子顯微鏡下被發現存在細胞間融合現象[5][6],有些植物甚至同時具備兩種發育機制[1]

無節乳管

無節乳管由單個母細胞發育而成,母細胞通過有絲分裂但不伴隨細胞質分裂,不形成細胞板,從而產生多核的乳管細胞,最終形成無節乳管。根據是否分枝,無節乳管進一步分為:[1]

一些植物如杜仲的乳管為無節乳管,但其是否分枝尚存爭議[1]

有節乳管

有節乳管由多個細胞起源,發育過程中細胞端壁部分或完全降解,細胞彼此融合形成長管狀結構。根據乳管細胞側壁是否融合,有節乳管可分為:[1]

參考文獻

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Shi, MinJing; Tian, WeiMin; Zhang, ShiXin; Wu, JiLin; Chao, JinQuan. Structure characteristics, differentiation, and development of laticifer in rubber-producing plants. SCIENTIA SINICA Vitae. 2024-10-01, 54 (10): 1781–1797. doi:10.1360/SSV-2024-0165. 
  2. ^ Teixeira, Simone Pádua; Marinho, Cristina Ribeiro; Leme, Flávia Maria. Structural diversity and distribution of laticifers. Advances in Botanical Research. 2020, 93: 27–54. doi:10.1016/bs.abr.2019.09.003. 
  3. ^ Demarco, Diego; de Moraes Castro, Marilia; Ascensão, Lia. Two laticifer systems in Sapium haematospermum — new records for Euphorbiaceae. Botany. 2013-08, 91 (8): 545–554. doi:10.1139/cjb-2012-0277. 
  4. ^ Hagel, J; Yeung, E; Facchini, P. Got milk? The secret life of laticifers. Trends in Plant Science. 2008-12, 13 (12): 631–639. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2008.09.005. 
  5. ^ Leme, Flávia Maria; Borella, Pedro Henrique; Marinho, Cristina Ribeiro; Teixeira, Simone Pádua. Expanding the laticifer knowledge in Cannabaceae: distribution, morphology, origin, and latex composition. Protoplasma. 2020-07, 257 (4): 1183–1199. doi:10.1007/s00709-020-01500-5. 
  6. ^ Gama, Thália do Socorro Serra; Rubiano, Vinicius Santos; Demarco, Diego. Laticifer development and its growth mode in Allamanda blanchetii A. DC. (Apocynaceae). The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society. 2017-07, 144 (3): 303–312. doi:10.3159/TORREY-D-16-00050. 
  7. ^ Mahlberg, Paul G. Laticifers: An historical perspective. The Botanical Review. 1993-01, 59 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1007/BF02856611. 
  8. ^ Castelblanque, Lourdes; Balaguer, Begoña; Marti, Cristina; Rodriguez, Juan José; Orozco, Marianela; Vera, Pablo. Novel Insights into the Organization of Laticifer Cells: A Cell Comprising a Unified Whole System. Plant Physiology. 2016-07-28: pp.00954.2016. doi:10.1104/pp.16.00954.