跳至內容

嘉德首席紋章官

維基百科，自由的百科全書
嘉德首席紋章官
嘉德首席紋章官紋章
 
徽章傳統高盧-不列顛
管轄權英格蘭、威爾斯、北愛爾蘭
管理機構紋章院
嘉德首席紋章官儀式禮服

嘉德首席紋章官（英語：Garter Principal King of Arms）是聯合王國紋章管理機構紋章院的高級紋章官職務，設立於1415年。

嘉德紋章官就紋章院管理事務對司禮大臣負責。他亦是英國君主在禮儀方面的主要顧問，對英格蘭、蘇格蘭與北愛爾蘭的紋章事務特別負責，並對大英國協內除加拿大以外的成員國負責（加拿大的紋章事務由加拿大紋章局負責）。他還擔任嘉德勳章的高級紋章官，所有紋章院認證紋章之授予文件上都有嘉德紋章官的印信與簽名。

嘉德紋章官負責在前任英國君主崩殂後宣佈新任君主。登基會議會在倫敦市中心的聖詹姆士宮召開會議，決定新任君主。一經新君在議會完成宣誓，嘉德紋章官便會步入俯瞰修道庭院的宣誓露台宣告新君[1][2]。

現任嘉德紋章官為大衛·懷特（英語：David White (officer of arms)）。

歷史

建立

就任於1417年的威廉·布魯日（英語：William_Bruges）被認為是首任嘉德紋章官，他被任命的確切日期已經不得而知。

約翰·安斯蒂斯（英語：John_Anstis）曾發現一份蓋有亨利五世御璽、發佈於1417年5月22日的法令。其中布魯日被以其先前頭銜吉耶納高級紋章官（Guyenne King of Arms）稱呼；該法令要求經加蓋王國國璽任命的另一人負責保護跟隨國王出國旅行的布魯日的人身安全。

安斯蒂斯隨後進一步指出了兩個更為有力的證據：（1）布魯日與嘉德騎士團於1422年（或1423年）簽署的一份有關退休金協議的正式法律文件中交代了布魯日先前被任命為嘉德騎士；（2）於1417年9月3日（或13日）頒布的一項法令中提到了「Garretier Roy d'armes des Anghis」。 鑑於亨利五世於1417年7月27日前往法國，可以推斷布魯日是在當年7月下旬被任命的[3]。

但此論後來遭休·斯坦福·倫敦（Hugh Stanford London）質疑。倫敦所公佈的材料表明布魯日被任命的時間較先前安斯蒂斯的結論要早兩年。威廉·布魯日的父親理察·布魯日曾於1415年7月4日留下一份分為兩部分的遺囑：一部分關於。其葬禮安排、慈善遺產與留給妻子的遺產；另一份則關於其個人遺產。雖然記錄於倫敦登記處的前者只提到了理察·布魯日的妻子，但記錄於坎特伯雷大主教亨利·齊契利處的後者提及了其子女。其中威廉被稱作 「Gien」「Gyen」 「Gartere」，威廉的妻子則被稱為「艾格尼絲·嘉德」（Agnes Garter）。然而其他登記處對遺囑第二部分的記錄標註時間為1418年或1419年，因此史學家歐內斯特·雅各布推測上述論據或為誤讀。但倫敦則辯稱後世對該遺囑的註解皆以「嘉德」或「吉耶納」（Guyenne），抑或乾脆全以「嘉德」指稱威廉·布魯日，倘若這是誤讀，其妻艾格尼絲亦不會僅被簡稱為「嘉德」。相反，倫敦推測理察·布魯日在寫遺囑時忘記了在文中稱呼其新任命的兒子的「嘉德」頭銜，後來則將「嘉德」與兒子的就頭銜一併寫入了遺囑。

彼得·貝根特批評了這一觀點。他在1415年至1417年的記錄中發現，威廉·布魯日僅被稱作「吉耶納」或同等頭銜「阿基坦高級紋章官」，這與倫敦的推斷顯然衝突。他認為若非誤讀，第二份遺囑可能因為理察·布魯日給家人留下了更多財產而在1415年之後才完成。

發展

亨利五世任命嘉德首席高級紋章官領銜全體掌禮官。

嘉德首席高級紋章官據稱或許擁有兩重身份，其一與嘉德勳章有關，另一個則是紋章院院長。如此一來他不僅需要在君主與眾騎士列席的嘉德騎士團理事會面前宣誓，亦需對司禮大臣宣誓，因此他被封有「最高貴的嘉德勳章首席紋章官」與「首席英格蘭紋章官」兩個頭銜。

嘉德紋章官必須是繼承有紋章的英格蘭人，並有權任命一名紋章官作為副手。傳統上認爲嘉德紋章官既不能擔任騎士，也不能成爲神職人員；但歷史上有過外國人擔任該職位的例子；自亨利七世登基以來許多任嘉德紋章官都被授予了騎士身份，其中一位更是成爲了巴斯騎士團成員。嘉德紋章官有權糾正或修改紋章、向滿足資格者授予紋章、向上議院提交新貴族家譜、分配獲授紋章者在議事廳的席位。

紋章

嘉德首席紋章官紋章自1520年左右啓用。

預算

除由英國王室支付的49.07英鎊的年薪以外，英國財政部也對其為政府的服務支付薪酬。 截至2021年1月27日，財政部共計支付給時任嘉德紋章官托馬斯·伍德考克爵士651,515英鎊。此外，自2018年以來，財政部每年為嘉德紋章官提供3.5萬英鎊的費用基金，用於支付秘書支持、清潔和郵費等業務費用。截至2021年1月27日，嘉德紋章官共收到74,579.02英鎊用於支付費用[4]。

歷代嘉德首席紋章官

肖像

  • 歷代嘉德首席紋章官
  • An illuminated manuscript from around 1430 showing William Bruges, the first Garter King of Arms, kneeling before St George. He was appointed in 1415 or 1417.
    一份1430年左右的插圖手稿，繪有首任嘉德首席紋章官威廉·布魯日跪在聖喬治面前。布魯日於1415年或1417年被任命。
  • Sir Edward Walker, who was Garter during the interregnum.
    愛德華·沃克爵士，在英國大空位期間擔任嘉德首席紋章官。
  • Sir William Dugdale, one of England's leading antiquaries, was Garter between 1677 and his death in 1686. As a King of Arms, he conducted visitations to 10 English counties.
    威廉·杜格代爾爵士，英國著名古董商人，他在1677年至1686年期間擔任嘉德首席紋章官，曾到訪巡視英國10個市縣。
  • John Anstis, Garter from 1719 to 1744
    約翰·安斯蒂斯，1719年至1744年擔任嘉德首席紋章官。
  • Stephen Martin Leake, a noted numismatist, served as Garter for over 18 years (1754–73). Interested in heralds' privileges, he unsuccessfully campaigned for a revival of their visitations.
    史蒂芬·馬丁·利克，英國著名錢幣學家，1754年至1773年擔任嘉德首席紋章官。他對紋章官的特權尤為看重，曾發起未果的恢復紋章官巡視權的運動。
  • Although briefly Garter between 1780 and 1784, Ralph Bigland was a late starter and quick riser, beginning his adult life as a cheesemonger. He is best remembered for his enormous collection of Gloucestershire memorial inscriptions.
    拉爾夫·比格蘭，1780年至1784年間擔任首席嘉德紋章官。早年的職業為奶酪商販，其政治生涯起步較晚但平步青雲，他因收藏大量格洛斯特郡紀念銘文而廣為人知。
  • Sir Albert Woods served as Garter for nearly 35 years, between 1869 and 1904, but old age forced him to delegate many of his Coronation duties to other heralds in 1902.
    阿爾伯特·伍茲爵士，1869年至1904年擔任嘉德首席紋章官，擔任嘉德勳爵近35年，但晚年因年事已高年不得不在1902年將許多加冕典禮職責委託給其他紋章官。

列表

紋章 姓名 在任時間 [nb 1] 備註 參考
威廉·布魯日（英語：William Bruges） 不晚於1417年9月[nb 2] –1450年3月9日 蘭開斯特紋章官（英語：Lancaster Herald）理察·布魯日之子。布魯日於1398年被任命為切斯特紋章官（英語：Chester Herald），該職務使其成爲威爾斯親王與切斯特伯爵亨利（即後日的亨利五世）家族的近臣。1407年至1410年間，他被亨利四世雇傭。1413年，他被任命爲吉耶納高級紋章官[6]，並於1415年隨同亨利五世趕赴阿金庫爾戰役；他被委以許多外交責任，並獲封「阿基坦高級紋章官」頭銜，與吉耶納紋章官的頭銜交替使用[5]。作為嘉德紋章官，他主持了亨利五世的葬禮，並經常在亨利六世領導下執行外交任務。1421年，他參加了首次英國紋章官會議。1430年，他負責起草嘉德勳章的首個紋章。[5]
約翰·斯莫特 1450年4月3日–1478年7月6日之前 約翰·斯莫特的世系不詳，但其在格洛斯特郡擁有土地，並有可能是一名律師。他與威廉·布魯日的一個女兒成婚，可能於1444年擔任吉耶納高級紋章官，並於1449年被派往外交使團；而其被任命爲嘉德紋章官時，據信確爲吉耶納高級紋章官。斯莫特曾在許多外交使團中供職，包括1468年出席瑪格麗特公主與大膽查理的婚禮與次年前往勃艮第公國的嘉德出使(Garter Misson)[7]。
約翰·懷特（英語：John Writhe） 1478年7月6日-1504年3月或4月 約翰·懷特的世系不詳，但其父有可能是第一代薩默塞特公爵約翰·博福特繼承人之一、曾短暫擔任克里克萊德國會議員的威廉·懷特(William Wrythe)。懷特於1477年前擔任福孔紋章官(Faucon Herald)，並於是年被任命爲諾羅伊高級紋章官（英語：Norroy and Ulster King of Arms），他參加了愛德華四世的葬禮與理查三世的加冕禮。理查三世後來於1483年任命他為嘉德紋章官，但他與於1485年1月4日辭職，後來又在亨利七世登基後的1486年2月13日正式復職[8][9]。懷特曾被派至前往蘇格蘭、愛爾蘭、布列塔尼、加來、勃艮第乃至拜訪神聖羅馬帝國馬克西米連一世的外交使團[8]。
托馬斯·萊奧斯利爵士（英語：Thomas Wriothesley） 1505年1月26日-1534年11月15日 萊奧斯利為約翰·懷特長子，曾任瓦林福德助理紋章官(Wallingford Pursuivant)，先後為亞瑟·都鐸與亨利王子（即後來的亨利八世）工作過[10]。擔任嘉德紋章官期間，他曾跟隨亨利八世前往泰魯阿訥、出席金帛盛會、前往加來，並參與了對費德里科·達·蒙特費爾特羅、費利佩一世、斐迪南一世與弗朗索瓦一世 (法蘭西)的嘉德出使；此外在內政方面，他參與了亨利七世葬禮、亨利八世加冕禮與1511年的威敏斯特爭霸賽（英語：The Westminster Tournament Challenge）。他亦有效壟斷了紋章的頒給權力並被允許進行巡查探訪（但另一位紋章官於1530年亦被授予上述權力）[10]
托馬斯·沃爾 1534年12月9日-1536年6月27日 沃爾之父曾任Norroy and Ulster King of Arms（英語：诺罗伊高級紋章官），沃爾則於1521年被任命為紅十字助理紋章官（英語：Rouge Croix Pursuivant），並於1525年晉升為溫莎紋章官（英語：Windsor Herald）。他於16世紀20年代至30年代供職於許多==諸多外交使團，曾前往法蘭西、義大利與奧地利，也於1535年參與了對詹姆斯五世的嘉德出使。他還在1530年編纂了《沃爾紋章書》(Wall's Book of Arms)[11]。
克里斯多福·巴克爵士（英語：Christopher Barker (officer of arms)） 1536年7月15日-1550年1月2日 巴克之父來自約克郡斯多克斯雷（英語：Stokesley），其母則來自泰恩河畔紐卡斯爾一個叫作Carlill或Carlisle的家庭; one of his uncles was Christopher Carlill, Norroy King of Arms. He was in Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk's service as Lisle Pursuivant (c. 1513) and then Suffolk Herald (c. 1517), before being appointed Richmond Herald at the college in 1522 and Norroy in June 1536. He was attached to foreign missions between 1514 and 1544, the early instances with the Duke of Suffolk and later including work with the English embassy in Spain and at the peace talks at Cambrai in 1529. He also oversaw the funeral of Henry VIII and the coronation of Edward VI and managed to maintain reasonably friendly relations with the provincial Kings of Arms.
吉爾伯特·狄思傑爵士（英語：Gilbert Dethick） 1550年4月29日-1584年10月3日 Dethick claimed descent from Derbyshire gentry, but this is unlikely; for his father was a German-born armourer made a denizen by Henry VIII. He may have been in royal service before his first appointment at the college, as Hampnes Pursuivant, in 1536; promotions to Rouge Croix (1540) and Richmond (1541) followed and in 1547 he became Norroy King of Arms. He was a member of the original Society of Antiquaries and was often sent on missions abroad as a herald. He travelled with Lord Somerset to Scotland in 1549 and was nearly shot at Musselburgh; in England, he was sent to force the surrender of rebels led by Robert Kett. Described as a "sound" genealogist, he also made 140 grants of arms as Garter and secured the college's future home at Derby Place from Queen Mary.
1584年至1586年職位空缺，此間時任克拉倫修高級紋章官（英語：Clarenceux King of Arms）羅伯特·庫克（英語：Robert Cooke (officer of arms)）行使嘉德首席紋章官職權。
威廉·狄思傑爵士（英語：William Dethick） 1586年4月21日-1606年12月10日（解職） The second son of Sir Gilbert Dethick, Garter, William Dethick was educated at St John's College, Cambridge. His father also tutored him and secured his appointment as Rouge Croix Pursuivant in 1567; he succeeded him as Garter and bribed the signet clerks to include a clause in his patent allowing him to make visitations, arousing tension with the provincial kings. A new patent was eventually regranted, removing the rights, but Dethick garnered controversy for verifying false pedigrees, his poor behaviour and quarrelling with fellow heralds. He had treasonously supported the marriage proposal of Mary, Queen of Scots, and the Duke of Norfolk, but Elizabeth I forgave him and it eventually earned him the support of James I. His critics and enemies put enough pressure on the King, however, for Dethick to be dismissed in 1604; although defiant, he backed down and accepted an annuity two years later, before dying in 1612.
威廉·西格爵士（英語：William Segar） 1607年1月17日-1633年12月10日（或13日） Segar's parentage cannot be confirmed, but he was of Dutch origin and trained as a scrivener. He was appointed Portcullis Pursuivant in 1585 and Somerset Herald three years later, before Norroy King of Arms in 1597 (patent 1602). He sided with Garter Dethick against successive Clarenceux Kings of Arms, before being appointed Deputy Garter in 1603. He was appointed Garter in January 1604, but could not obtain a patent until Dethick finally resigned in 1607. One of Segar's rivals, Ralph Brooke, tricked him into confirming a false coat of arms to a pretend gentleman[需要解釋] in 1616; James I had them both imprisoned for several days. Segar authored at least 13 manuscript and printed works, and has been described as a "conscientious herald and a formidable scholar", but like many of his contemporaries, "he authorized many pedigrees giving most improbable descents from fabulous ancestors".
約翰·伯勒爵士（英語：John Borough） 1633年12月27日-1643年10月21日 Borough's maternal grandfather was a Brabanter, but parents lived at Sandwich in Kent. He was part of Sir Francis Bacon's household by 1618, and a Member of Parliament for Sandwich (1621) and Horsham (1624–26). By his first marriage, he was connected with Sir Robert Cotton, who may have helped his appointment as Keeper of the Records in the Tower of London in 1623; when Bacon fell from power, it may have been Cotton who assisted Borough in obtaining the Earl of Arundel's patronage and he entered the College as Mowbray Herald Extraordinary in 1623. Later that year, he was appointed Norroy King of Arms. He accompanied Charles I on his trip to Scotland in 1633 and was ambassador to the Holy Roman Emperor in 1636. Despite being highly regarded in his lifetime for his antiquarian knowledge, Borough wrote only one book: The Soveraignty of the British Seas.
亨利·聖喬治爵士（英語：Henry St George） 1644年4月6日-1644年11月5日 The son of Sir Richard St George, Clarenceux King of Arms, details of Henry St George's early life and education are absent. He was employed by the College in c. March 1609 and appointed Rouge Rose Pursuivant Extraordinary later that year. Promotion to Bluemantle Pursuivant followed in 1611 and Richmond Herald in 1618 before he was promoted to Norroy King of Arms in 1653. As Richmond, he travelled to France with William Le Neve and was Segar's deputy on a Garter mission to Sweden in 1627. He was suspended for forging a grant of arms in 1639, but pardoned in 1640; during the Civil War, he travelled with Charles I to Oxford and is said to have received a Doctorate in Medicine from the University there (1643).[12]
愛德華·沃克爵士（英語：Edward Walker (officer of arms)） 26 February 1645 – 10 February 1677 Walker was a native of Somerset and entered the Office of Purveyance before he was employed by the Earl of Arundel in 1633; he was then appointed Blanch Lyon (1635) and Rouge Dragon Pursuivants (1637), Chester Herald (1638) and Norroy King of Arms (1644). He was also Secretary at War against the Scots in 1639 and, a royalist, he attended Charles I during the Civil War, serving in a number of posts, including Secretary for War. After the royalist defeats at Naseby, Newark and Oxford, Walker went to France but returned as Charles I's chief secretary during the failed negotiations at Newport. After the King's execution, he travelled with Charles II in exile, who confirmed him as Garter in 1650. At the Restoration (1660), he displaced Sir Edward Bysshe, who had "intruded" in the office of Garter since c. 1643. Walker controversially granted arms without reference to the provincial kings of arms and tried to unify their offices with his; he also clashed with the Earl Marshal, who forced the Kings of Arms to jointly issue grants from 1673. After his death, many of his collections came to the college; his account of Charles II's coronation was posthumously published in 1820.
愛德華·比希爵士（英語：Edward Bysshe） 因英格蘭內戰爆發於1643年左右職務行使中斷，1646年10月20日由議會認定，1660年免職 The eldest son of a Surrey gentleman, Bysshe was a Member of Parliament for Bletchingly, Reigate and Gatton. He was a Parliamentarian who took the covenant, intruded in Garter's office (c. 1643) and served on committees to regulate the heralds in 1641 and 1645. Parliament confirmed him as Garter on 20 October 1646 and as Clarenceux King of Arms in 1650. Although he resigned from the latter eight years later, he was re-appointed in 1661, shortly after he was deposed as Garter during the Restoration. According to Godfrey and Wagner, he was a good armourist; however, his visitations provide only brief accounts of the families concerned, and he neglected his duties, both parliamentary and heraldic, from the 1660s. Despite these failings, he had ensured that the college and its records remained open during the Interregnum, much to the benefit of antiquaries, including his colleague Sir William Dugdale.
威廉·達格代爾爵士（英語：William Dugdale） 1677年4月26日-1686年2月10日 The son of a Warwickshire clergyman, Dugdale was privately educated before attending a free school in Coventry and never went to university. His earliest antiquarian works were concerned with his native county, where, inspired and helped by other antiquaries, he collected material for a history. His talents earned him the respect of leading antiquarians, including Sir Henry Spelman, and as the Civil War developed, Dugdale travelled around England recording records, coats of arms and inscriptions in English cathedrals and churches. This work culminated in Monasticon Anglicanum, a work which helped to establish the use of charters as historical evidence; his other great works include The Antiquities of Warwickshire and The Baronage of England, which have helped to solidify his legacy as a great antiquarian. According to the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, "the scale of his operations was greater than any previous endeavour, and its achievements were astonishing". Dugdale had been Blanch Lyon, Rouge Croix, Chester and Norroy before his Gartership and created, donated or contributed to a number of valuable heraldic and genealogical records at the college, in addition to the ten visitations he personally conducted. [13]
托馬斯·聖喬治爵士（英語：Thomas St George） 11 March 1686 – 6 March 1703 Sir Thomas St George was the eldest son of Henry St George, Garter, but his early life and education are obscure. He was appointed Somerset Herald at the Restoration in 1660 and became Norroy King of Arms 20 years later. He served as a deputy for Sir Edward Walker on a Garter mission to Dresden in 1669. As Garter, he travelled to The Hague with the King in 1691, but appointed Gregory King as his deputy on all the other missions he should have made. He inherited his father's manuscript collections, and Peter Le Neve purchased his papers; they are now scattered, with a number in the British Library.
小亨利·聖喬治爵士（英語：Henry St George, the younger） 16 June 1703 – 1715 The eighth son of Sir Henry St George, Garter, Henry the younger became Garter after appointments as Richmond (1660), Norroy (1677) and Clarenceux (1680). He was remembered by contemporaries as "a timorous animal" and "incommunicative, sordid and of little learning", but he visited 12 counties as Clarenceux and donated the profits from six towards the rebuilding of the college after the Great Fire of London. His manuscript collection was sold after his death and later sold again at auction; some have returned to the college, but most remain scattered in collections. [14]
約翰·安斯蒂斯（英語：John Anstis） 2 April 1714 (reversionary) – 1744 Anstis was the son of the registrar of the archdeaconry of Cornwall. Educated at Exeter College, Oxford, he entered the Middle Temple in 1690 and became high steward of Cornish tinners two years later; he was called to the Bar in 1699 and conducted work for the House of Commons in 1701. He published Curia Militaris, a defence of the Earl Marshal's jurisdiction in the Court of Chivalry. In 1702 he was elected to Parliament for St Germains and tended to follow the Tory line, but declined to stand in 1705. He was nominated as Carlisle Pursuivant Extraordinary and Norfolk Herald in 1707, was re-elected to Parliament in 1711, appointed Keeper of the Record in 1712 and received a reversionary patent for Garter's office in 1714. He duly claimed Garter after St George's death, although John Vanbrugh was nominated instead and Anstis was then in prison as a suspected Jacobite. After a lengthy legal debate, he was confirmed as Garter on 20 April 1718, took his oath in April the next year and went on to oversee George II's coronation in 1727. His son John was jointly Garter with him from 1727.
小約翰·安斯蒂斯（英語：John Anstis, younger） 9 June 1727 (with father) – 5 December 1754 The seventh son of John Anstis, Garter, the younger Anstis was educated privately before matriculating at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, in 1725. Shortly afterwards, he was appointed genealogist to the Order of the Bath and he joined the College two years later as Blanc Coursier Herald. From 1727 he was jointly Garter with his father until the latter's death on 4 March 1744, after which he served alone. He was elected a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries and received an LLD degree from Oxford University in 1749.
史蒂芬·利克（英語：Stephen Leake） 19 December 1754 – 24 March 1773 Leake was born Stephen Martin, the son of a naval officer from Essex; his maternal uncle, Admiral Sir John Leake, left his estate to Martin's parents on the condition that they adopt his surname, which they did in 1721. Despite this and work at the Navy Office, the family lost out in the South Seas crash and Leake was forced to find employment. After joining the Society of Antiquaries and publishing Nummi Britannici historia, he joined the College as Lancaster in 1727 and was promoted to Norroy in 1729 and Clarenceux in 1741. Leake was less interested in genealogy than in the rights and history of the heralds; he petitioned for the college to have a monopoly on the researching of arms and unsuccessfully tried to revive the visitations, a proposal which Anstis and the government opposed. He also opened the college's register for Dissenting and Jewish births and carried out two Garter missions. On his death, his collections passed to his brother, and they were eventually bought by the college.
查爾斯·湯利爵士（英語：Charles Townley (officer of arms)） 27 April 1773 – 7 June 1774 Born at Tower Hill in London, Townley was the son of a merchant and educated at the Merchant Taylors' School from 1727. He bought his appointment as York Herald in 1735; he was promoted to Norroy in 1751 and Clarenceux in 1755, but, according to his predecessor Stephen Martin Leake, he received a large fortune around 1755 and neglected his heraldic duties thereafter. He was nonetheless knighted in 1761. A number of his collections are in the possession of the college, including transcribed memorial inscriptions.
托馬斯·布朗恩（英語：Thomas Browne (officer of arms)） 15 August 1774 – 22 February 1780 A native of Derbyshire, Browne was a land surveyor who was said to have worked for the Duke of Norfolk and converted his favour into heraldic appointments; the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography records that he carried out works for John Warburton, Somerset Herald. He was successively appointed Blanch Lyon (1727), Bluemantle (1737), Lancaster (1744), Norroy (1761) and Clarenceux (1773) before his appointment as Garter. Despite his success as a surveyor, he was reputed to have known little of heraldry and neglected his duties at the college.
拉爾夫·比格蘭（英語：Ralph Bigland） 2 March 1780 – 27 March 1784 Bigland was the son of a Middlesex tallow chandler whose ancestors have been traced to Westmorland and Lancashire. He was apprenticed to a cheesemonger in 1728 and, after 9 years service, he entered his own trade and carried out his practice for over 20 years. He travelled to the Low Countries and Scotland and supplied cheese to the allied armies during the War of the Austrian Succession; it was on these travels that he began noting down memorial inscriptions, a pursuit to which he would devote his life. He compiled a huge collection of inscriptions relating to Gloucestershire, where he travelled extensively from 1750 onwards. These interests brought him to the college, where he was appointed Bluemantle Pursuivant in 1757 and promoted to Somerset Herald in 1759, Norroy in 1773 and Clarenceux in 1774. A competent and methodical genealogist and draughtsman, he took a particular interest in parish registers and campaigned for their indexing and the inclusion of greater detail in them. After his death, the majority of his Gloucestershire notes and transcriptions were published, although a number remained in manuscript form until the 1990s.
艾薩克·赫德爵士（英語：Isaac Heard） 1 May 1784 – 29 April 1822 A native of Devon, Heard was educated at Honiton Grammar School before serving in the Royal Navy between 1745 and 1751. He then embarked on a career as a merchant: first in Bilbao, Spain, and then in London. An appointment as Bluemantle Pursuivant followed in 1759, with a promotion to Lancaster Herald two years later; in 1774, he was appointed Norroy King of Arms and Brunswick Herald, before a promotion to Clarenceux in 1780; he served as Earl Marshal's Secretary (1782–84) and resigned as Brunswick in 1814. Heard was a proponent of the landscape heraldry which proved popular in the late Georgian period, and, inspired by his earlier travels, took a precocious interest in American genealogy. As a long-serving herald, his genealogical practice was large and much of his manuscript collection ended up in the college.
喬治·內勒爵士（英語：George Nayler） 11 May 1822 – 28 October 1831 The son of a Gloucestershire surgeon, Nayler practised as a miniature painter before buying his way into the offices of Blanc Coursier Herald and Genealogist of the Order of the Bath in 1792. He used the same means to obtain a place in the College as Bluemantle Pursuivant a year later; promotion to York Herald followed in 1794 after the accidental death of its incumbent. Further appointments as King of Arms to the Royal Guelphic Order and the Order of St Michael and St George (1815 and 1818 respectively) followed before he became Clarenceux King of Arms in 1820 and served as deputy Garter at George IV's coronation in 1821. As Garter, he continued to run a large practice at the College and conducted missions to France, Denmark, Russia and Portugal. Much of his earlier heraldic career involved disputes with the other heralds about his sole right to record pedigrees of the Knight of the Bath; despite objections, he compiled 47 volumes, which are now in the college's possession. He also worked on a history of George IV's coronation, which was only partially published in his lifetime, and a manuscript history of the Order of the Bath, also owned by the college.
拉爾夫·比格蘭爵士（英語：Ralph Bigland (born 1757)） 26 November 1831 – 14 July 1838 Bigland was born on 1 May 1757, the son of Joseph Owen of Salford, Lancashire, but changed his surname in 1774 at the desire of his maternal uncle, Ralph Bigland, Garter. That year, he became Rouge Dragon Pursuivant and was appointed Richmond Herald in 1780. Promotions to Norroy (1803) and Clarenceux (1822) King of Arms followed and his appointment as Garter marks the last time an officer has held all three Kingships. He was knighted in 1831.[15]
威廉·伍茲爵士（英語：William Woods (officer of arms)） 23 July 1838 – 25 July 1842 By tradition, Woods was reputed the son of the 11th Duke of Norfolk, but he bore the arms matriculated in 1812 in Scotland by one George Woods, a tailor of London and brother to a comedian called William. Whatever the case, details of his early life are also sparse. He was appointed Secretary to the Knights Commander and Companions of the Order of the Bath in 1815 and then Registrar of the Royal Guelphic Order later that year. He tried for Ross Herald in Scotland in 1816, but his first heraldic appointment was as Bluemantle Pursuivant in 1819; promotions to Norfolk Herald (1825; held jointly with Bluemantle), Clarenceux King of Arms (1831) and deputy Garter (c. 1836) followed.[16]
查爾斯·揚爵士（英語：Charles Young (officer of arms)） 6 August 1842 – 31 August 1869 Born in Lambeth, Young was the son of a surgeon and, through his mother, an illegitimate grandchild of the 11th Duke of Norfolk. After studying at Charterhouse, he entered the College as Rouge Dragon Pursuivant in 1813 and was promoted to York Herald in 1820. He took part in ten Garter missions and the funerals of George III, George IV and William IV, as well as the coronations of the last two and of Queen Victoria, and the marriage of the Prince of Wales. According to the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Young was an expert on matters of precedence, a prolific genealogist (especially relating to peerage claims) and a competent businessman, whose service as Registrar of the college (1822–1842) and then Garter safeguarded its finances; he also oversaw the construction of its new record room, which now contains most of his books and papers, amounting to 922 volumes.
阿爾伯特·伍茲爵士（英語：Albert Woods） 2 November 1869 – 7 January 1904 The illegitimate son of William Woods, Garter, he worked in his father's practice before his first heraldic appointment as Fitzalan in 1837. Portcullis followed a year later, before Norfolk, Lancaster and Brunswick, all in 1841. He took part in Garter missions to foreign states from the 1860s to the 1880s, but old age forced him to delegate his duties during Queen Victoria's funeral and Edward VII's coronation. He maintained a veto over heraldic matters and, in his old age, he refused to retire, guarding his increasingly sluggish practice; the delay this caused in administering orders of chivalry led to the establishment of the Central Chancery of Orders of Knighthood in 1904. He had an "unrivalled knowledge" of ceremonies and a shrewd business sense, but was not a scholar and was described by Wagner and Godfrey as a "deplorable" armorist who was determined that Victorian grants of arms should be distinct and never include simple coats of arms.[17]
阿爾弗雷德·斯科特-蓋蒂爵士（英語：Alfred Scott-Gatty） 8 January 1904 – 18 December 1918 A clergyman's son and graduate of Christ's College, Cambridge, Scott-Gatty was a co-owner of The Genealogist magazine and revived the granting of heraldic badges. He served as Rouge Dragon from 1880 and York from 1886.[18]
亨利·伯克爵士（英語：Henry Franham Burke） 22 January 1919 – 21 August 1930 Burke was a son of Sir Bernard Burke, Ulster King of Arms, and grandson of John Burke, who founded the Burke's Peerage series. Although educated at Trinity College, Dublin, he did not take a degree. He trained for the Bar examination but instead entered the College as Rouge Croix Pursuivant in 1880; a promotion to Somerset Herald followed in 1887 and he became Norroy King of Arms in 1911.[19] During Sir Albert Wood's old age, Burke did much of the work for the coronation of Edward VII, a task made difficult by the long reign of Victoria; he was duly recognised with the CVO.[20] Described by Wagner and Godfrey as an "able genealogist", he was also an authority on armorial china[19] and oversaw corrections to many of the errors in Burke's Peerage which had attracted criticism during his predecessors' editorships.
傑拉爾德·渥拉斯頓爵士（英語：Gerald Wollaston） 27 September 1930 – 2 June 1944 (retired) A grandson of Sir Albert William Woods, Wollaston was educated at Harrow and then Trinity College, Cambridge, whence he graduated in 1893 with a law degree.[21] He was called to the Bar in 1899, but joined the College three years later as Fitzalan Pursuivant Extraordinary for the coronation of Edward VII. Appointments to Bluemantle Pursuivant (1906), Richmond Herald (1919), and Norroy King of Arms (1928) followed.[21] Having served as Henry Farnham Burke's deputy for a year,[21] he succeeded him as Garter and oversaw the coronation of George VI; his experience and knowledge of ceremonial proved useful in assisting the young Earl Marshal. Earlier in his career, he was often called on to counsel in Peerage cases.[22] A "most painstaking and skilled herald with special bent to ceremonial", he published The Court of Claims in 1902, 1910 and 1936.[21] After his Gartership, he served as Norroy and Ulster until his death in 1957.[22]
阿爾加·霍華德爵士（英語：Algar Howaed） 2 June 1944 – 6 December 1950 (resigned) Howard was descended from the Dukes of Norfolk; he was born in Thornbury Castle, where he lived for many years. Educated at King's College London,[23] he was later admitted to the Inner Temple as a barrister. His first appointment at the college was in May 1911 as Fitzalan Pursuivant Extraordinary and he attended the Prince of Wales' investiture that year.[23] He was promoted to Rouge Dragon Pursuivant that October, followed by Windsor Herald in 1919 and Norroy King of Arms in 1931, to which was added Ulster King of Arms in 1943.[23] After he resigned as Garter, he served as Extra Gentleman Usher to the Queen from 1952 till his death, aged 89, in 1970.[24]
尊敬的喬治·貝柳爵士（英語：George Bellow） 1950年12月6日-1961年7月5日 Born into the Irish peerage, Bellew was educated at Christ Church, Oxford, and served in the Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve during the Second World War, attaining the rank of Squadron Leader. He served as Portcullis (1922–27) and then Somerset before his appointment as Garter; in the meantime, he had been registrar of the college. The Times called him the equivalent of a chief staff officer during arrangements for the funeral of George VI and the Coronation of Elizabeth II;[25] under the Earl Marshal, he was responsible organising the ceremonies and was knighted in recognition of this work. After a long retirement, spent at his Dower House, Englefield Green, and the Grange, Farnham, he died in 1993.[25]
安東尼•瓦格納爵士（英語：Anthony Wagner） 1961年7月6日-1978年（退休） Wagner was the son of a schoolmaster and a graduate of Balliol College, Oxford. His first appointment at the college was as Portcullis in 1931, but the Second World War interrupted this. He served in War Office and then the Ministry of Town and County Planning; a keen architectural historian, he helped to draw up guidelines on listing buildings. He was promoted to Richmond in 1943 and left the civil service for the college in 1946. As Garter, Wagner oversaw the funeral of Sir Winston Churchill and the investiture of the Prince of Wales, and was the first director of the Heralds' Museum; after retiring as Garter, he served as Clarenceux until his death in 1995. A leading genealogist and historian of the college, Wagner published a number of important books on the topics, including Heralds of England, Heralds and Heraldry in the Middles Ages, Pedigree and Progress and English Genealogy, alongside several catalogues of the college's manuscript collection;[26][27] in 1957, Oxford University awarded him the degree of DLitt and he was twice knighted, as KCB and KCVO.[26]
科林·科爾爵士（英語：Colin Cole (officer of arms)） 1978年10月2日-1992年（退休） 科爾在參加二戰服役之前從劍橋大學與牛津大學畢業。他於1949年獲得律師資格，但對高等騎士法院的興趣使得他進入紋章院。[28]他後來被任命爲菲茨艾倫特設助理紋章官（英語：Fitzalan Pursuivant Extraordinary），並於1957年晉升爲吊閘助理紋章官（英語：Portcullis Pursuivant），於1966年任溫莎紋章官（英語：indsor Herald）[29]。在任期間，他監督了紋章院的大量修復工作，但他因未能阻止1988年加拿大紋章管理局（粵語：加拿大紋章管理局）成立而受到批評。 He conducted business at a leisurely pace and The Telegraph remarked that he would "perhaps have better suited the early Hanoverians". He died in 2001.[29]
康拉德·斯旺爵士（英語：Conrad Swan） 1992年10月5日-1995年（退休） 斯旺為土生土長的加拿大人，其父為一名皇家加拿大陸軍醫療隊（英語：Royal Canadian Army Medical Corps）軍官。斯旺先後畢業於西安大略大學與劍橋大學，並在第二次世界大戰期間服役於歐洲與印度。他於1962年被任命為紋章院紅龍助理紋章官（英語：Rouge Dragon Pursuivant），並於1968年晉升爲約克紋章官（英語：York Herald）。約克於2019年逝世。
彼得·格溫-瓊斯爵士（英語：Peter Gwynn-Jones） 1995年10月5日-2010年（退休） 格溫-瓊斯之父為一名英國皇家砲兵軍官[30]。格溫-瓊斯從劍橋大學三一學院畢業後首先在倫敦從事保險經紀人的工作。他於1967年加入紋章院擔任科林·科爾（英語：Colin Cole (officer of arms)）的助理，並在後來與安東尼·華格納爵士（英語：Anthony Wagner）合作。他於1973年被任命爲藍披風助理紋章官（英語：Bluemantle Pursuivant）[30]，並於1983年晉升爲蘭開斯特紋章官（英語：Lancaster Herald）。他被認爲是一名堅持精簡與創新性幾何設計的「作品豐富的」(Prolific)紋章學家。[30] 他於2010年逝世[31]。 [32]
托馬斯·伍德考克爵士（英語：Thomas Woodcock (officer of arms)） 2010年4月1日-2021年7月1日 伍德考克畢業於杜倫大學與劍橋大學達爾文學院。他於1975年取得律師資格，但同年轉身去做了安東尼·華格納爵士（英語：Anthony Wagner）的研究助理。他於1978年被任命爲紅十字紋章官（英語：Rouge Croix Pursuivant），於1982年被任命爲薩默塞特紋章官（英語：Somerset Herald），於1997年被任命爲諾羅伊與阿爾斯特高級紋章官（英語：Norroy and Ulster King of Arms）。他曾於他人合著過一些列紋章學著作，包括《牛津紋章學指南》（The Oxford Guide to Heraldry，1982年）與全部四卷《不列顛紋章大全：中世紀紋章》（Dictionary of British Arms: Medieval Ordinary，1992年至2014年） 。 [33]
大衛·懷特（英語：David White (officer of arms)） 2021年7月1日- 懷特先後在馬爾伯勒公學（英語：Marlborough College）與劍橋大學彭布羅克學院接受教育，獲頒文學學士（英語：Master of Arts (Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin)）學位。本科生階段，他擔任劍橋大學紋章學與系譜學學會（英語：Cambridge University Heraldic and Genealogical Society）主席，並在後來取得倫敦大學科陶德藝術學院藝術史專業文學碩士學位。

參考資料

  1. ^ Fodor's. Fodor's London 2014. Fodor's Travel. 2013-08-13 [2023-04-03]. ISBN 9780770432201. （原始內容存檔於2023-04-05） （英語）. 
  2. ^ Wilkinson, Philip. The British Monarchy For Dummies. John Wiley & Sons. 2007-01-30 [2023-04-03]. ISBN 9780470059319. （原始內容存檔於2023-04-04） （英語）. 
  3. ^ Anstis 1742, vol. 2, p. 322
  4. ^ HM Treasury Payments to Garter King of Arms Thomas Woodcock - a Freedom of Information request to Her Majesty's Treasury. WhatDoTheyKnow. 2021-01-03 [2021-01-27]. （原始內容存檔於2023-04-03） （英語）. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 引用錯誤：沒有為名為Bruges-Ailes的參考文獻提供內容
  6. ^ 引用錯誤：沒有為名為GW40的參考文獻提供內容
  7. ^ 引用錯誤：沒有為名為Godfrey and Wagner 1963, pp. 40-41的參考文獻提供內容
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 引用錯誤：沒有為名為GW4143的參考文獻提供內容
  9. ^ 引用錯誤：沒有為名為Ailes 2004c的參考文獻提供內容
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 引用錯誤：沒有為名為Godfrey and Wagner 1963, pp. 43-45的參考文獻提供內容
  11. ^ 引用錯誤：沒有為名為Godfrey and Wagner 1963, p. 45的參考文獻提供內容
  12. ^ 引用錯誤：沒有為名為Godfrey and Wagner 1963, pp. 50-51的參考文獻提供內容
  13. ^ 引用錯誤：沒有為名為Oxford Dugdale的參考文獻提供內容
  14. ^ 引用錯誤：沒有為名為Woodcock 2008b的參考文獻提供內容
  15. ^ 引用錯誤：沒有為名為Godfrey and Wagner 1963, p. 65的參考文獻提供內容
  16. ^ 引用錯誤：沒有為名為Godfrey and Wagner 1963, p. 66的參考文獻提供內容
  17. ^ 引用錯誤：沒有為名為Godfrey and Wagner 1963, pp. 68-69的參考文獻提供內容
  18. ^ 引用錯誤：沒有為名為Godfrey and Wagner 1963, pp. 69-70的參考文獻提供內容
  19. ^ 19.0 19.1 引用錯誤：沒有為名為Godfrey and Wagner 1963, pp. 70-71的參考文獻提供內容
  20. ^ 引用錯誤：沒有為名為Times Burke obit的參考文獻提供內容
  21. ^ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 引用錯誤：沒有為名為Godfrey and Wagner 1963, pp. 71-72的參考文獻提供內容
  22. ^ 22.0 22.1 引用錯誤：沒有為名為Times Wollaston obit的參考文獻提供內容
  23. ^ 23.0 23.1 23.2 引用錯誤：沒有為名為Godfrey and Wagner 1963, pp. 72-73的參考文獻提供內容
  24. ^ 引用錯誤：沒有為名為Times Howard obit的參考文獻提供內容
  25. ^ 25.0 25.1 引用錯誤：沒有為名為Times Bellew obit的參考文獻提供內容
  26. ^ 26.0 26.1 引用錯誤：沒有為名為Ailes 2004b的參考文獻提供內容
  27. ^ Thomas, Jr, Robert McG. Sir Anthony Wagner, 86, Dies; Medievalist and Senior Herald. The New York Times. 20 May 1995 [12 August 2015]. （原始內容存檔於2018-07-10）. 
  28. ^ Sir Colin Cole. The Telegraph. 21 February 2001 [12 August 2015]. （原始內容存檔於2023-06-04）. 
  29. ^ 29.0 29.1 引用錯誤：沒有為名為Who Was Who Cole的參考文獻提供內容
  30. ^ 30.0 30.1 30.2 Sir Peter Gwynn-Jones. The Telegraph. 1 September 2010 [12 August 2015]. （原始內容存檔於2023-04-03）. 
  31. ^ 引用錯誤：沒有為名為Who Was Who Gwynn-Jones的參考文獻提供內容
  32. ^ 引用錯誤：沒有為名為ReferenceA的參考文獻提供內容
  33. ^ 引用錯誤：沒有為名為ReferenceB的參考文獻提供內容


引用錯誤：頁面中存在<ref group="nb">標籤，但沒有找到相應的<references group="nb" />標籤

取自「https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=嘉德首席纹章官&oldid=82784108」