布拉拉語
| 布拉拉語 | |
|---|---|
| 區域 | 北領地 |
| 族群 | 布拉拉族、Gadjalivia |
母語使用人數 | 995 （2016年人口普查）[1] |
| 語系 | |
| 分支/方言 | Gun-narta (Gidjingaliya、Anbarra)
Gun-nartpa (Gudjarlabiya)
Gun-narda (Martay)
|
| 語言代碼 | |
| ISO 639-3 | bvr |
| Glottolog | bura1267[2] |
| AIATSIS[3] | N82 |
| ELP | Burarra |
布拉拉語(Burarra)是阿納姆地一種由布拉拉族使用的澳大利亞原住民語言，有幾種方言。
分類
布拉拉語不是帕馬-恩永甘語系語言。它與古爾-戈尼語等幾種語言構成布拉拉語族。[5][6][7]
分布
布拉拉族來自阿納姆地中部和中北部的Blyth和Cadell河流域，但目前更多人住在更西邊利物浦河河口的的曼寧立達（Maningrida）鎮。[5][8]
方言
Glasgow (1994)分出3種方言：Gun-nartpa (來自Cadell河流域的Mu-golarra/Mukarli族群)、Gun-narta (Blythe河河口西側An-barra)和Gun-narda (Blythe河東岸Martay)。這些名稱都來自方言的指示代詞「那」。她還注釋道後兩個方言(Gun-narta和Gun-narda) 常被劃到一起，並被其東部鄰接族群稱為「布拉拉」，自稱則是「Gu-jingarliya」(「語言/用舌頭」)。
Green (1987)分出2種方言：Gun-nartpa和布拉拉話(Gu-jingarliya)，但注釋道布拉拉話使用者中存在顯著的方言差異。
音系
輔音
| 唇音 | 齒齦音 | 捲舌音 | 硬顎音 | 軟齶音 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 強塞音 | p | t | ʈ | c | k |
| 弱塞音 | b | d | ɖ | ɟ | g |
| 鼻音 | m | n | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ |
| 邊音 | l | ɭ | |||
| R音 | r | ɽ/ɹ | |||
| 滑音 | w | j |
多數情況下塞音的強弱分別對應清濁。[10]這種情況下，塞音通過口內壓峰值和持阻時間區分。強輔音的持阻一般更長，口內壓也更高，弱輔音則有擦音或近音的自由變體。[9]
元音
布拉拉語有5個元音。
| 前 | 央 | 後 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 閉 | i | u | |
| 半開 | ɛ (e) | o | |
| 開 | ɐ (a) |
元音可以實現為：
/i/：半閉前元音[e]或[ɪ]
/a/：開央元音或schwa
/ɛ/：[ɛ]或[e]
/o/：[o]或[ɔ]
/u/：schwa，半開後圓唇元音[ö]的低化，或[ʊ][9]
語法
布拉拉語是一種前綴綜合語。動詞可以通過前綴實現主語和賓語之間的互指，有時和語態的屈折。有幾個動詞可以表達體、複合動作和使役。[5]
名詞有變格，有4個類(an-、jin-、mun-和gun-)。[5][8]
閱讀更多
Capell, A. 1942. Languages of Arnhem Land, North Australia. Oceania, 12 (4), 364-392.
Elwell, Vanessa. 1977. Multilingualism and lingua francas among Australian Aborigines: A case study of Maningrida. Honours Thesis, Australian National University.
Elwell, Vanessa. 1982. Some social factors affecting multilingualism among Aboriginal Australians: a case study of Maningrida. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 36: 83-103.
Glasgow, Kathleen. 1981. Burarra phonemes. In Work papers of SIL-AAB, series A (Vol. 5). Darwin: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
Glasgow, Kathleen. 1994. Burarra–Gun-nartpa dictionary with English finder list. Darwin: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
Green, Rebecca. 1987. A sketch grammar of Burarra. Honours Thesis, Australian National University Canberra.
Green, R. 2003. Proto Maningrida within Proto Arnhem: evidence from verbal inflectional suffixes. In N. Evans (Ed.), The non-Pama-Nyungan languages of Northern Australia: comparative studies of the continent's most linguistically complex region (pp. 369–421). Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
Handelsmann, Robert. 1996. Needs Survey of Community Languages: Central Arnhem Land, Northern Territory (Maningrida and Outstations). Report to the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission, Canberra.
Trefry, D. (1983). Discerning the back vowels /u/ and /o/ in Burarra, a language of the Australian Northern Territory. Working papers of the Speech and Language Research Centre, 3 (6), pp. 19–51.
參考
- ^ Census 2016, Language spoken at home by Sex (SA2+). stat.data.abs.gov.au. Australian Bureau of Statistics. [2017-10-29]. （原始內容存檔於2018-12-26） （澳大利亞英語）.
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (編). Burarra. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016.
- ^ N82 布拉拉語 at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
- ^ N135 Burarra (Djangu) at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
- ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Green, Rebecca. A sketch grammar of Burarra. Canberra: Honours thesis, Australian National University. 1987.
- ^ Elwell, Vanessa. Multilingualism and lingua francas among Australian Aborigines: A case study of Maningrida. Canberra: Honours Thesis, Australian National University. 1977.
- ^ O'Grady, G.N.; Voegelin, C.F. Languages of the world: Indo-Pacific Fascicle Six. Anthropological Linguistics. 1967.
- ^ 8.0 8.1 Glasgow, Kathleen. Burarra–Gun-nartpa dictionary with English finder list. Darwin: Summer Institute of Linguistics. 1994.
- ^ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Graetzer, Naomi. An Acoustic Study of Coarticulation: Consonant-Vowel and Vowel-to-Vowel Coarticulation in Four Australian Languages. MA Thesis. 2005,. University of Melbourne.
- ^ Fortis and lenis. notendur.hi.is. [2018-12-22]. （原始內容存檔於2021-06-07）.
外部連結
- ELAR archive of Gun-nartpa （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）