柔膜菌目

柔膜菌目
	Chlorociboria aeruginosa
科學分類
界：	真菌界 Fungi
門：	子囊菌門 Ascomycota
綱：	錘舌菌綱 Leotiomycetes
目：	柔膜菌目 Helotiales; Nannf. ex Korf & Lizon (2000)
科
	詳見內文

柔膜菌目（學名：Helotiales）是子囊菌門錘舌菌綱的一個目^[1]。截至2008年，柔膜菌目下有十個科，包含約500個屬，共約4000種物種^[2]。柔膜菌目物種的子實體多為盤狀或杯狀的子囊盤（apothecia），多數物種在土壤或腐木上行腐生生長。形成杜鵑花類菌根（英語：Ericoid mycorrhiza）的真菌多屬於此目^[3]。另外此目也包含桃褐腐病菌（英語：Monilinia fructicola）、核盤菌（英語：Sclerotinia sclerotiorum）等植物病原菌。

下屬分類

本科包括以下屬：

Amicodiscaceae
無形囊菌科 Amorphothecaceae
Arachnopezizaceae
展盤菌科 Ascocorticiaceae
Bloxamiaceae
Bryoglossaceae
- Bryoclaviculus P.R.Johnst., 2013
  - Bryoclaviculus campylopi L.Ludw., P.R.Johnst. & Steel, 2013^[4]
- Bryoglossum Redhead
- Neocudoniella S.Imai
膠陀螺菌科 Bulgariaceae
Calloriaceae
Cenangiaceae
Chlorociboriaceae
- Brahmaculus P.R.Johnst., 2021
- Chlorociboria Seaver ex C.S.Ramamurthi, Korf & L.R.Batra
- Dothiorina F.von Höhnel, 1911
- Helvella
Chlorospleniaceae
^[5]
- Chlorosplenium Fr.
Chrysodiscaceae
- Chrysodisca Baral, Polhorský & G.Marson, 2019
耳盤菌科 Cordieritidaceae
皮盤菌科 Dematiaceae
暗色孢科 Dermateaceae
Discinellaceae
偏盤菌科 Drepanopezizaceae
Erysiphaceae
膠盤菌科 Gelatinodiscaceae
長孢盤菌科 Godroniaceae
Hamatocanthoscyphaceae
柔膜菌科 Helotiaceae
貧盤菌科 Hemiphacidiaceae
Heterosphaeriaceae
晶杯菌科 Hyaloscyphaceae
Hydrocinaceae
Hyphodiscaceae
粒毛盤菌科 Lachnaceae
Leptodontidiaceae
長毛球殼科 Loramycetaceae
Medeolariales
Mitrulaceae
Mollisiaceae
黏毛菌科 Myxotrichaceae
Neocrinulaceae
Neolauriomycetaceae
Patellariopsidaceae
Pezizellaceae
- Actinoscypha P.Karst.
- Allophylaria (P.Karst.) P.Karst.
- Antinoa Velen.
- Austropezia Spooner, 1987
- Bloxamiella W.P.Wu & Y.Z.Diao, 2023
- Calloriella Höhn.
- Calycellina Höhn.
- Calycina Nees ex Gray
- Carneopezizella Svrček
- Chaetochalara B.Sutton & Piroz.
- Chalara
- Cryptosympodula G.J.M.Verkley, 1999
- Cylindrocephalum Bonord.
- Cystopezizella Svrček
- Dendrotrichoscypha Svrček
- Eubelonis Höhn.
- Gemmina Raitv., 2004
- Micropeziza Fuckel
- Mollisina Höhn. ex Weese
- Mollisinopsis W.-R.Arendholz & R.Sharma, 1984
- Moserella Pöder & Scheuer
- Nagrajchalara W.P.Wu & Y.Z.Diao, 2023
- Neochalara Crous, 2021
- Parachalara W.P.Wu & Y.Z.Diao, 2023
- Parthenope Velen.
- Pezizella Fuckel
- Phaeoscypha Spooner
- Phialina Höhn.
- Poculinia B.M.Spooner, 1987
- Psilachnum Höhn.
- Rodwayella Spooner
- Rubropezicula Ekanayaka & K.D.Hyde, 2019
- Septopezizella Svrček
- Setoscypha
- Tapesina Lambotte
- Velutaria Fuckel
- Weinmannioscyphus Svrček
- Xiambola D.W.Minter & V.Holubová-Jechová, 1981
- Zymochalara Guatimosim, R.W.Barreto & Crous
Pleuroascaceae
Ploettnerulaceae
Porodiplodiaceae
蠟盤菌科 Rutstroemiaceae
核盤菌科 Sclerotiniaceae
Solenopeziaceae
- Lasiobelonium Ellis & Everh.
- Solenopezia Sacc.
- Sponheimeria
- Trichopezizella Dennis ex Raitv.
Tricladiaceae
- Cudoniella Sacc.
- Geniculospora Sv.Nilsson ex Marvanová & Sv.Nilsson
- Graddonia Dennis
- Halenospora
- Helotium Pers.
- Mycofalcella Marvanová, Om-Kalth. & J.Webster
- Spirosphaera Beverw.
- Tricladium Ingold
Vandijckellaceae
- Vandijckella
水盤菌科 Vibrisseaceae

科的地位未定的屬：

Acidomelania E.Walsh & N.Zhang, 2014
Adelodiscus H.Sydow, 1931
Algincola Velen.
Amylocarpus Curr., 1859
Angelina
Anulosporium
Aphanodesmium
Apiculospora
Wijayaw., Camporesi, A.J.L.Phillips & K.D.Hyde, 2016
- 狼尾草尖孢 Apiculospora penniseti A.Karunarathna & C.H Kuo
- Apiculospora spartii Wijayaw., W.J.Li, Camporesi, A.J.L.Phillips & K.D.Hyde
Aquapoterium Raja & Shearer, 2008
Ascographa Velenovský, 1934
Ascoverticillata
Atrocybe Velen.
Bactrexcipula
Bagnisimitrula S.Imai, 1942
Benguetia H.Sydow & P.Sydow, 1917
Blastosporium Z.F.Yu & H.Zheng, 2019
Bruneaudia O.Kuntze, 1898
Caesiodiscus Holien & Suija, 2021
Capricola Velen.
Catinula Lév.
Chloroepilichen
Chlorospleniella P.Karst.
Chondroderris Maire, 1937
Chytrella
Ciliella P.A.Saccardo & Sydow, 1902
Coeloanguillospora
Colipila Baral & Guy Garcia, 2012
Comesia P.A.Saccardo, 1884
Coniothecium Corda, 1833
Cornuntum Velen.
Criserosphaeria Spegazzini, 1912
Cryptocline Petr.
Cryptopezia F.von Höhnel, 1919
Cystotricha Berk. & Broome
Dactylaria Sacc., 1880
Davincia
Dawsicola P.Döbbeler, 1981
Dermateopsis Nannfeldt, 1932
Desmopatella
Discomycella F.von Höhnel, 1912
Echinodiscus Etayo & Diederich
Favraea P.A.Saccardo, 1881
Fulvoflamma
Gloeotrochila Petr.
Goniopila Marvanová & Descals
Hemiglossum Patouillard, 1890
Hemimollisia Baral
Humicolopsis Cabral & S.Marchand, 1976
Hymenobolus Durieu & Mont.
Hyphoscypha Velen.
Hypnotheca Tommerup, 1970
Involucroscypha Raitv.
聚盤菌屬 Ionomidotis E.J.Durand
Lagerbergia
Lagerheima
Larissia A.Raitviir, 2008
Lasseria R.W.Dennis, 1960
Lemalis Fr.
Leptobelonium
Leptodophora Koukol & Maciá-Vicente, 2022
Libartania T.R.Nag Raj, 1979
Livia Velen.
Lobularia Velen.
Malotium Velen.
Masseea Sacc.
Melachroia
Melanopeziza Velen.
Melanormia Körber, 1865
Melittiosporium Corda, 1838
Merodontis F.E.Clements, 1909
Micraspsis G.D.Darker, 1963
Microdiscus P.A.Saccardo, 1916
Microspora Velenovský, 1934
Mirandina G.Arnaud ex Matsush.
Mirandina G.Arnaud, 1952
地杖菌屬 Mitrula
Monochaetiellopsis B.C.Sutton & F.DiCosmo, 1977
Muscia K.Gizhitskaya, 1929
Mycolecidea P.A.Karsten, 1888
Mycomelanea Velen.
Mycopandora
Myriodiscus Boedijn
Neo-Naumovia S.R.Schwarzman, 1959
Neoechinodiscus Molinari & R.Sierra
Neozythia Petrak, 1958
Nothomitra Maas Geest.
Obconicum Velen.
Obscurodiscus Raitv.
Orbiliopsis (Sacc. & D.Sacc.) Syd. & P.Syd.
Orbiliopsis Velenovský, 1934
Pachycudonia
Peltigeromyces A.Møller, 1901
Pezolepis H.Sydow, 1925
Pezomela
H.Sydow, 1928
- Pezomela saxegothaeae Syd.
Phaeopyxis
Phyllopezis Petrak, 1949
Physmatomyces Rehm, 1900
Placopeziza F.von Höhnel, 1916
Pleiopatella Rehm, 1908
Pleurophragmium Costantin
Podobelonium
Polydiscina H.Sydow, 1930
Potridiscus
Pseudolachnum Velenovský, 1934
Pseudopeltis L.Holm & K.Holm
Pseudotapesia Velen.
Pseudotryblidium
Psilophana H.Sydow, 1939
Psilothecium F.E.Clements, 1903
Pteromyces E.Bommer, M.Rousseau & Sacc.
Queirozia Viégas & Cardoso
Radotinea Velenovský, 1934
Rhexocercosporidium
U.Braun, 1994
- Rhexocercosporidium bellocense (C.Massal. & Sacc.) Crous, J.Kruse & U.Braun
- Rhexocercosporidium camporesii Phutthacharoen & K.D.Hyde, 2021^[6]
- Rhexocercosporidium carotae (Årsvoll) U.Braun
- Rhexocercosporidium panacis Reeleder
- Rhexocercosporidium senecionis Phutthacharoen & K.D.Hyde
Rhizocladosporium Crous & U.Braun, 2007
Rhodesia Grove
Rhytidhysterion Spegazzini, 1881
Riedera E.M.Fries, 1849
Rimula Velenovský, 1934
Robincola Velen.
Roburnia Velen.
Sambucina Velen.
Sarcomyces Massee, 1891
Scelobelonium
Schnablia Saccardo & P.Sydow, 1899
Scutulopsis Velenovský, 1934
Sinocalloriopsis
Sinofavus
W.Y. Zhuang, 2008
- Sinofavus allantosporus W.Y.Zhuang & T.Bau, 2008
Solanella J.Vañha, 1910
Sorokina Sacc.
Sorokinella J.Fröhlich & K.D.Hyde, 2000
Stegopeziza
Stilbopeziza Spegazzini, 1908
Tanglella F.von Höhnel, 1918
Thedgonia B.Sutton
Themisia Velen.
Tiarosporella Höhn., 1919
Tovariella H.Sydow, 1930
Trichohelotium Killerm.
三枝孢屬 Triposporium
Urceola Quélet, 1886
Vestigium Piroz. & Shoemaker, 1972
Volucrispora Haskins
Waltonia Saho, 1970
Woodiella P.A.Saccardo & P.Sydow, 1899
Zugazaea R.P.Korf, T.Iturriaga & P.Lizon, 1998

參考資料

^ Lumbsch TH, Huhndorf SM. Outline of Ascomycota – 2007. Myconet (Chicago, USA: The Field Museum, Department of Botany). December 2007, 13: 1–58. （原始內容存檔於2009-03-18）.
^ Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA. Dictionary of the Fungi 10th. Wallingford, UK: CABI. 2008: 310. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8.
^ John F. Walker, Laura Aldrich-Wolfe, Amanda Riffel, Holly Barbare, Nicholas B. Simpson, Justin Trowbridge and Ari Jumpponen. Diverse Helotiales associated with the roots of three species of Arctic Ericaceae provide no evidence for host specificity 191. New Phytologist: 515–527. 2011. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03703.x.
^ Johnston P. R.,Steel J. B.,Park D.Ludwig L. R.．A bryophilous member of the Leotiomycetes from New Zealand, Bryoclaviculus campylopi gen. et sp nov.[J]．New Zealand Journal of Botany,2013,51(4):321-327
^ Ekanayaka, A. H.; Hyde, K. D.; Gentekaki, E.; McKenzie, E. H. C.; Zhao, Q.; Bulgakov, T. S.; Camporesi, E. (2019). Preliminary classification of Leotiomycetes. Mycosphere. 10(1): 310-489.
^ Phutthacharoen,Kunthida,Chethana,K. W. Thilini,Phookamsak,Rungtiwa,et al. Rhexocercosporidium camporesii sp. nov. (Ploettnerulaceae, Helotiales) from Italy[J]. PHYTOTAXA,2021,482(1):14-24.

[1] Lumbsch TH, Huhndorf SM. Outline of Ascomycota – 2007. Myconet (Chicago, USA: The Field Museum, Department of Botany). December 2007, 13: 1–58. （原始內容存檔於2009-03-18）.

[Kirk2008-2] Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA. Dictionary of the Fungi 10th. Wallingford, UK: CABI. 2008: 310. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8.

[3] John F. Walker, Laura Aldrich-Wolfe, Amanda Riffel, Holly Barbare, Nicholas B. Simpson, Justin Trowbridge and Ari Jumpponen. Diverse Helotiales associated with the roots of three species of Arctic Ericaceae provide no evidence for host specificity 191. New Phytologist: 515–527. 2011. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03703.x.

[4] Johnston P. R.,Steel J. B.,Park D.Ludwig L. R.．A bryophilous member of the Leotiomycetes from New Zealand, Bryoclaviculus campylopi gen. et sp nov.[J]．New Zealand Journal of Botany,2013,51(4):321-327

[5] Ekanayaka, A. H.; Hyde, K. D.; Gentekaki, E.; McKenzie, E. H. C.; Zhao, Q.; Bulgakov, T. S.; Camporesi, E. (2019). Preliminary classification of Leotiomycetes. Mycosphere. 10(1): 310-489.

[6] Phutthacharoen,Kunthida,Chethana,K. W. Thilini,Phookamsak,Rungtiwa,et al. Rhexocercosporidium camporesii sp. nov. (Ploettnerulaceae, Helotiales) from Italy[J]. PHYTOTAXA,2021,482(1):14-24.

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