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標準電極電勢表

維基百科,自由的百科全書

標準電極電勢可以用來計算化學電池原電池電化學勢電極電勢

標準電極電位是以標準氫原子作為參比電極,即氫的標準電極電位值定為0,與氫標準電極比較,電位較高者為正,電位較低者為負。

表中電極電勢以以下條件測得((s):固體;(l):液體;(g):氣體;(aq):水溶液;(Hg):汞齊):

單擊頂欄箭咀可將數據按元素符號、反應物、產物或標準電極電勢值排序。

元素 氧化劑 半反應 還原劑 (V)[註 1] 來源
-9
9
Ba+
+e⁻
Ba(s) −4.38 [10][11][12]
Sr+
+e⁻
Sr(s) −4.10 [13][10][11][14]
Ca+
+e⁻
Ca(s) −3.8 [13][10][11][14]
Th⁴⁺+e⁻ Th³⁺ −3.6 [15]
Pr³⁺+e⁻ Pr²⁺ −3.1 [13]
3N
2
(g)+2H⁺+2e⁻
2HN
3
(aq)
−3.09 [16]
Li+
+e⁻
Li(s) −3.0401 [17]
N
2
(g)+4H₂O+2e⁻
2NH
2
OH
(aq)+2OH⁻
−3.04 [16]
Cs+
+e⁻
Cs(s) −3.026 [17]
Ca(OH)
2
(s)+2e⁻
Ca(s)+2OH⁻ −3.02 [13]
Er3+
+e⁻
Er2+
−3.0 [13]
Ba(OH)
2
(s)+2e⁻
Ba(s)+2OH⁻ −2.99 [13]
Rb+
+e⁻
Rb(s) −2.98 [18]
K+
+e⁻
K(s) −2.92 [17]
Mg+
+e⁻
Mg(s) −2.93 [12]
Ba2+
+2e⁻
Ba(s) −2.912 [17]
La(OH)
3
(s)+3e⁻
La(s)+3OH⁻ −2.90 [17]
Fr+
+e⁻
Fr(s) −2.9 [13]
Sr2+
+2e⁻
Sr(s) −2.899 [17]
Sr(OH)
2
(s)+2e⁻
Sr(s)+2OH⁻ −2.88 [13]
Ca2+
+2e⁻
Ca(s) −2.868 [17]
NH+
4
+e⁻
NH
4
−2.85
Eu2+
+2e⁻
Eu(s) −2.812 [17]
Ra2+
+2e⁻
Ra(s) −2.8 [17]
Yb2+
+2e⁻
Yb(s) −2.76 [13][10]
Na+
+e⁻
Na(s) −2.71 [17][19]
Sm2+
+2e⁻
Sm(s) −2.68 [13][10]
No2+
+2e⁻
No(s) −2.50 [13]
HfO(OH)
2
(s)+H₂O+4e⁻
Hf(s)+4OH⁻ −2.50 [13]
Th(OH)
4
(s)+4e⁻
Th(s)+4OH⁻ −2.48 [13]
Md2+
+2e⁻
Md(s) −2.40 [13]
La3+
+3e⁻
La(s) −2.379 [17]
Y3+
+3e⁻
Y(s) −2.372 [17]
Mg2+
+2e⁻
Mg(s) −2.372 [17]
ZrO(OH)
2
(s)+H₂O+4e⁻
Zr(s)+4OH⁻ −2.36 [17]
Pr3+
+3e⁻
Pr(s) −2.353 [13]
Ce3+
+3e⁻
Ce(s) −2.336 [13]
Er3+
+3e⁻
Er(s) −2.331 [13]
Ho3+
+3e⁻
Ho(s) −2.33 [13]
Al(OH)
4
+3e⁻
Al(s)+4OH⁻ −2.33
Al(OH)
3
(s)+3e⁻
Al(s)+3OH⁻ −2.31
Tb3+
+3e⁻
Tb(s) −2.28
H
2
(g)+2e⁻
2H
−2.25
Ac3+
+3e⁻
Ac(s) −2.20
Be+
+e⁻
Be(s) −2.12 [12]
Cf2+
+2e⁻
Cf(s) −2.12 [13]
Am3+
+3e⁻
Am(s) −2.048 [13]
Cf3+
+3e⁻
Cf(s) −1.94 [13]
Ca2+
+e⁻
Ca+
−1.936 [17][13]
Am2+
+2e⁻
Am(s) −1.9 [13]
Fm3+
+3e⁻
Fm(s) −1.89 [13]
Be2+
+2e⁻
Be(s) −1.85
Rf4+
+4e⁻
Rf(s) −1.67 [20]
U3+
+3e⁻
U(s) −1.66 [21]
Al3+
+3e⁻
Al(s) −1.66 [19]
Ti2+
+2e⁻
Ti(s) −1.63 [19]
Bk2+
+2e⁻
Bk(s) −1.6 [13]
ZrO
2
(s)+4H⁺+4e⁻
Zr(s)+2H₂O −1.553 [17]
Hf4+
+4e⁻
Hf(s) −1.55 [13]
Zr4+
+4e⁻
Zr(s) −1.45 [17]
Ti3+
+3e⁻
Ti(s) −1.37 [22]
TiO(s)+2H⁺+2e⁻ Ti(s)+H₂O −1.31
Ti
2
O
3
(s)+2H⁺+2e⁻
2TiO(s)+H₂O −1.23
Zn(OH)2−
4
+2e⁻
Zn(s)+4OH⁻ −1.199 [23]
Mn2+
+2e⁻
Mn(s) −1.185 [23]
Fe(CN)4−
6
+6H⁺+2e⁻
Fe(s)+6HCN(aq) −1.16 [24]
V2+
+2e⁻
V(s) −1.175 [25]
Te(s)+2e⁻ Te²⁻ −1.143 [25]
Nb3+
+3e⁻
Nb(s) −1.099
Sn(s)+4H⁺+4e⁻ SnH
4
(g)
−1.07
In(OH)
3
(s)+3e⁻
In(s)+3OH⁻ −0.99 [13]
SiO
2
(s)+4H⁺+4e⁻
Si(s)+2H₂O −0.91
B(OH)
3
(aq)+3H⁺+3e⁻
B(s)+3H₂O −0.89
Fe(OH)
2
(s)+2e⁻
Fe(s)+2OH⁻ −0.89 [24]
Fe₂O₃(s)+3H₂O+2e⁻ 2Fe(OH)
2
(s)+2OH⁻
−0.86 [24]
TiO2+
+2H⁺+4e⁻
Ti(s)+H₂O −0.86
2H₂O+2e⁻ H
2
(g)+2OH⁻
−0.8277 [17]
Bi(s)+3H⁺+3e⁻ BiH
3
−0.8 [23]
Zn2+
+2e⁻
Zn(Hg) −0.7628 [17]
Zn2+
+2e⁻
Zn(s) −0.7618 [17]
Ta
2
O
5
(s)+10H⁺+10e⁻
2Ta(s)+5H₂O −0.75
Cr3+
+3e⁻
Cr(s) −0.74
[Au(CN)
2
]
+e⁻
Au(s)+2CN
−0.60
Ta3+
+3e⁻
Ta(s) −0.6
PbO(s)+H₂O+2e⁻ Pb(s)+2OH⁻ −0.58
2TiO
2
(s)+2H⁺+2e⁻
Ti
2
O
3
(s)+H₂O
−0.56
Ga3+
+3e⁻
Ga(s) −0.53
U4+
+e⁻
U3+
−0.52 [21]
H
3
PO
2
(aq)+H⁺+e⁻
P([26]+2H₂O −0.508 [17]
H
3
PO
3
(aq)+2H⁺+2e⁻
H
3
PO
2
(aq)+H₂O
−0.499 [17]
H
3
PO
3
(aq)+3H⁺+3e⁻
P([26]+3H₂O −0.454 [17]
Fe2+
+2e⁻
Fe(s) −0.44 [19]
2CO
2
(g)+2H⁺+2e⁻
(HO₂C)₂(aq) −0.43
Cr3+
+e⁻
Cr2+
−0.42
Cd2+
+2e⁻
Cd(s) −0.40 [19]
SeO2−
3
+4e⁻+3H₂O
Se+6OH⁻ −0.37 [27]
GeO
2
(s)+2H⁺+2e⁻
GeO(s)+H₂O −0.37
Cu
2
O
(s)+H₂O+2e⁻
2Cu(s)+2OH⁻ −0.360 [17]
PbSO
4
(s)+2e⁻
Pb(s)+SO2−
4
−0.3588 [17]
PbSO
4
(s)+2e⁻
Pb(Hg)+SO2−
4
−0.3505 [17]
Eu3+
+e⁻
Eu2+
−0.35 [21]
In3+
+3e⁻
In(s) −0.34 [25]
Tl+
+e⁻
Tl(s) −0.34 [25]
B3+
+3e⁻
B(s) −0.31
Ge(s)+4H⁺+4e⁻ GeH
4
(g)
−0.29
Co2+
+2e⁻
Co(s) −0.28 [17]
H
3
PO
4
(aq)+2H⁺+2e⁻
H
3
PO
3
(aq)+H₂O
−0.276 [17]
V3+
+e⁻
V2+
−0.26 [19]
Ni2+
+2e⁻
Ni(s) −0.25
As(s)+3H⁺+3e⁻ AsH
3
(g)
−0.23 [25]
AgI(s)+e⁻ Ag(s)+I
−0.15224 [23]
MoO
2
(s)+4H⁺+4e⁻
Mo(s)+2H₂O −0.15
Si(s)+4H⁺+4e⁻ SiH
4
(g)
−0.14
Sn2+
+2e⁻
Sn(s) −0.13
O
2
(g)+H⁺+e⁻
HO
2
•(aq)
−0.13
Pb2+
+2e⁻
Pb(s) −0.13 [19]
WO
2
(s)+4H⁺+4e⁻
W(s)+2H₂O −0.12
P)+3H⁺+3e⁻ PH
3
(g)
−0.111 [17]
CO
2
(g)+2H⁺+2e⁻
HCOOH(aq) −0.11
Se(s)+2H⁺+2e⁻ H
2
Se
(g)
−0.11
CO
2
(g)+2H⁺+2e⁻
CO(g)+H₂O −0.11
SnO(s)+2H⁺+2e⁻ Sn(s)+H₂O −0.10
SnO
2
(s)+2H⁺+2e⁻
SnO(s)+H₂O −0.09
WO
3
(aq)+6H⁺+6e⁻
W(s)+3H₂O −0.09 [25]
P)+3H⁺+3e⁻ PH
3
(g)
−0.063 [17]
2D+
+2e⁻
D
2
(g)
−0.044
Fe3+
+3e⁻
Fe(s) −0.04 [24]
碳(甲酸) HCO₂H(aq)+2H⁺+2e⁻ HCHO(aq)+H₂O −0.03
2H⁺+2e⁻ H
2
(g)
−0.00 ≡0
AgBr(s)+e⁻ Ag(s)+Br⁻ +0.07133 [23]
S
4
O2−
6
+2e⁻
2S
2
O2−
3
+0.08
Fe
3
O
4
(s)+8H⁺+8e⁻
3Fe(s)+4H₂O +0.085 [28]
N
2
(g)+2H₂O+6H⁺+6e⁻
2NH
4
OH
(aq)
+0.092
HgO(s)+H₂O+2e⁻ Hg(l)+2OH⁻ +0.0977
Cu(NH
3
)2+
4
+e⁻
Cu(NH
3
)+
2
+2NH
3
+0.10 [25]
Ru(NH₃)₆³⁺+e⁻ Ru(NH₃)₆²⁺ +0.10 [21]
N
2
H
4
(aq)+4H₂O+2e⁻
2NH+
4
+4OH⁻
+0.11 [16]
H
2
MoO
4
(aq)+6H⁺+6e⁻
Mo(s)+4H₂O +0.11
Ge4+
+4e⁻
Ge(s) +0.12
C(s)+4H⁺+4e⁻ CH
4
(g)
+0.13 [25]
HCHO(aq)+2H⁺+2e⁻ CH
3
OH
(aq)
+0.13
S(s)+2H⁺+2e⁻ H
2
S
(g)
+0.14
Sn4+
+2e⁻
Sn2+
+0.15
Cu2+
+e⁻
Cu+
+0.159 [25]
HSO
4
+3H⁺+2e⁻
SO
2
(aq)+2H₂O
+0.16
UO2+
2
+e⁻
UO+
2
+0.163 [21]
SO2−
4
+4H⁺+2e⁻
SO
2
(aq)+2H₂O
+0.17
TiO2+
+2H⁺+e⁻
Ti3++H₂O +0.19
Bi3+
+2e⁻
Bi+ +0.2
SbO+
+2H⁺+3e⁻
Sb(s)+H₂O +0.20
CO
2
(g)+4H⁺+4e⁻
C(s)+2H₂O +0.205
AgCl(s)+e⁻ Ag(s)+Cl
+0.22233 [23]
H
3
AsO
3
(aq)+3H⁺+3e⁻
As(s)+3H₂O +0.24
GeO(s)+2H⁺+2e⁻ Ge(s)+H₂O +0.26
UO+
2
+4H⁺+e⁻
U4+
+2H₂O
+0.273 [21]
At
2
+e⁻
2At
+0.3 [13]
Re3+
+3e⁻
Re(s) +0.300
Bi3+
+3e⁻
Bi(s) +0.32
VO2+
+2H⁺+e⁻
V3+
+H₂O
+0.34
Cu2+
+2e⁻
Cu(s) +0.340 [25]
鐵氰 [Fe(CN)
6
]3−
+e⁻
[Fe(CN)₆]₄⁻ +0.36
Tc2+
+2e⁻
Tc(s) +0.40 [13]
O
2
(g)+2H₂O+4e⁻
4OH⁻(aq) +0.40 [19]
H
2
MoO
4
+6H⁺+3e⁻
Mo3+
+2H₂O
+0.43
Ru2+
+2e⁻
Ru(s) +0.455 [13]
Bi+
+e⁻
Bi(s) +0.50
CH
3
OH
(aq)+2H⁺+2e⁻
CH
4
(g)+H₂O
+0.50
SO
2
(aq)+4H⁺+4e⁻
S(s)+2H₂O +0.50
Cu+
+e⁻
Cu(s) +0.520 [25]
CO(g)+2H⁺+2e⁻ C(s)+H₂O +0.52
I
3
+2e⁻
3I
+0.53 [19]
I
2
(s)+2e⁻
2I
+0.54 [19]
[AuI
4]
+3e⁻
Au(s)+4I
+0.56
H
3
AsO
4
(aq)+2H⁺+2e⁻
H
3
AsO
3
(aq)+H₂O
+0.56
[AuI
2
]
+e⁻
Au(s)+2I
+0.58
MnO
4
+2H₂O+3e⁻
MnO
2
(s)+4OH⁻
+0.59
Rh+
+e⁻
Rh(s) +0.600 [13]
S
2
O2−
3
+6H⁺+4e⁻
2S(s)+3H₂O +0.60
鐵(二茂鐵) Fe(C
5
H
5
)
2
+e⁻
Fe(C
5
H
5
)
2
(s)
+0.641 [29]
CH₃CO₂Ag+e⁻ Ag+CH₃CO₂⁻ +0.643 [13]
H
2
MoO
4
(aq)+2H⁺+2e⁻
MoO
2
(s)+2H₂O
+0.65
苯醌 +2H⁺+2e⁻ +0.6992 [23]
O
2
(g)+2H⁺+2e⁻
H
2
O
2
(aq)
+0.70
Tl3+
+3e⁻
Tl(s) +0.72
鉑氯 PtCl2−
6
+2e⁻
PtCl2−
4
+2Cl
+0.726 [21]
H
2
SeO
3
(aq)+4H⁺+4e⁻
Se(s)+3H₂O +0.74
Rh3+
+3e⁻
Rh(s) +0.758 [13]
PtCl2−
4
+2e⁻
Pt(s)+4Cl
+0.758 [21]
Fe3+
+e⁻
Fe2+
+0.77
Ag+
+e⁻
Ag(s) +0.7996 [17]
Hg2+
2
+2e⁻
2Hg(l) +0.80
氮(硝) NO
3
(aq)+2H⁺+e⁻
NO
2
(g)+H₂O
+0.80
FeO2−
4
+5H₂O+6e⁻
Fe
2
O
3
(s)+10OH⁻
+0.81 [24]
[AuBr
4
]
+3e⁻
Au(s)+4Br
+0.85
Hg2+
+2e⁻
Hg(l) +0.85
MnO
4
+H⁺+e⁻
HMnO
4
+0.90
2Hg2+
+2e⁻
Hg2+
2
+0.91 [25]
Pd2+
+2e⁻
Pd(s) +0.915 [21]
[AuCl
4
]
+3e⁻
Au(s)+4Cl
+0.93
MnO
2
(s)+4H⁺+e⁻
Mn3+
+2H₂O
+0.95
[AuBr
2
]
+e⁻
Au(s)+2Br
+0.96
[HXeO
6
]3−
+2H₂O+2e⁻
[HXeO
4
]
+4OH⁻
+0.99 [30]
氮(硝) HNO
2
+H⁺+e⁻
NO(g)+H₂O +0.996
H
6
TeO
6
(aq)+2H⁺+2e⁻
TeO
2
(s)+4H₂O
+1.02 [31]
Br
2
(l)+2e⁻
2Br
+1.065
Br
2
(aq)+2e⁻
2Br
+1.087 [19]
氮(硝) NO
2
(g)+H⁺+e⁻
HNO
2
+1.093
IO
3
+5H⁺+4e⁻
HIO(aq)+2H₂O +1.13
[AuCl
2]
+e⁻
Au(s)+2Cl
+1.15
HSeO
4
+3H⁺+2e⁻
H
2
SeO
3
(aq)+H₂O
+1.15
Ir3+
+3e⁻
Ir(s) +1.156 [13]
Ag
2
O
(s)+2H⁺+2e⁻
2Ag(s)+H₂O +1.17
ClO
3
+2H⁺+e⁻
ClO
2
(g)+H₂O
+1.18
[HXeO
6
]3−
+5H₂O+8e⁻
Xe(g)+11OH⁻ +1.18 [30]
Pt2+
+2e⁻
Pt(s) +1.188 [21]
ClO
2
(g)+H⁺+e⁻
HClO
2
(aq)
+1.19
2IO
3
+12H⁺+10e⁻
I
2
(s)+6H₂O
+1.20
ClO
4
+2H⁺+2e⁻
ClO
3
+H₂O
+1.20
O
2
(g)+4H⁺+4e⁻
2H₂O +1.229 [19]
MnO
2
(s)+4H⁺+2e⁻
Mn2+
+2H₂O
+1.23
[HXeO
4
]
+3H₂O+6e⁻
Xe(g)+7OH⁻ +1.24 [30]
Tl3+
+2e⁻
Tl+
+1.25
Cr
2
O2−
7
+14H⁺+6e⁻
2Cr3+
+7H₂O
+1.33
Cl
2
(g)+2e⁻
2Cl
+1.36 [19]
CoO
2
(s)+4H⁺+e⁻
Co3+
+2H₂O
+1.42
2NH3OH+
+H⁺+2e⁻
N
2
H+
5
+2H₂O
+1.42 [16]
2HIO(aq)+2H⁺+2e⁻ I
2
(s)+2H₂O
+1.44
Ce4+
+e⁻
Ce3+
+1.44
BrO
3
+5H⁺+4e⁻
HBrO(aq)+2H₂O +1.45
β-PbO
2
(s)+4H⁺+2e⁻
Pb2+
+2H₂O
+1.460 [25]
α-PbO
2
(s)+4H⁺+2e⁻
Pb2+
+2H₂O
+1.468 [25]
2BrO
3
+12H⁺+10e⁻
Br
2
(l)+6H₂O
+1.48
2ClO
3
+12H⁺+10e⁻
Cl
2
(g)+6H₂O
+1.49
氧(超氧) HO
2
+H⁺+e⁻
H
2
O
2
+1.495 [13]
MnO
4
+8H⁺+5e⁻
Mn2+
+4H₂O
+1.51
HO
2
•+H⁺+e⁻
H
2
O
2
(aq)
+1.51
Au3+
+3e⁻
Au(s) +1.52
NiO
2
(s)+4H⁺+2e⁻
Ni2+
+2OH⁻
+1.59
HClO(aq)+2H⁺+2e⁻ Cl
2
(g)+2H₂O
+1.63
Ag
2
O
3
(s)+6H⁺+4e⁻
2Ag+
+3H₂O
+1.67
HClO
2
(aq)+2H⁺+2e⁻
HClO(aq)+H₂O +1.67
Pb4+
+2e⁻
Pb2+
+1.69 [25]
MnO
4
+4H⁺+3e⁻
MnO
2
(s)+2H₂O
+1.70
AgO(s)+2H⁺+e⁻ Ag+
+H₂O
+1.77
氧(過氧) H
2
O
2
(aq)+2H⁺+2e⁻
2H₂O +1.776
Co3+
+e⁻
Co2+
+1.82
Au+
+e⁻
Au(s) +1.83 [25]
BrO
4
+2H⁺+2e⁻
BrO
3
+H₂O
+1.85
Ag2+
+e⁻
Ag+
+1.98 [25]
氧(過氧) S
2
O2−
8
+2e⁻
2SO2−
4
+2.07
O
3
(g)+2H⁺+2e⁻
O
2
(g)+H₂O
+2.075 [21]
HMnO
4
+3H⁺+2e⁻
MnO
2
(s)+2H₂O
+2.09
XeO
3
(aq)+6H⁺+6e⁻
Xe(g)+3H₂O +2.12 [30]
氧(氟氧) OF₂+2H⁺+4e⁻ 2F
+H₂O
+2.153 [13]
H
4
XeO
6
(aq)+8H⁺+8e⁻
Xe(g)+6H₂O +2.18 [30]
FeO2−
4
+8H⁺+3e⁻
Fe3+
+4H₂O
+2.20 [32]
XeF
2
(aq)+2H⁺+2e⁻
Xe(g)+2HF(aq) +2.32 [30]
H
4
XeO
6
(aq)+2H⁺+2e⁻
XeO
3
(aq)+H₂O
+2.42 [30]
F
2
(g)+2e⁻
2F +2.87 [25][19]
F
2
(g)+2H⁺+2e⁻
2HF(aq) +3.05 [25]
Tb4+
+e⁻
Tb3+
+3.05 [13]
  1. ^ Safari的v.4.0.3或更早版本(v4.0.5可正常工作)上單擊這一列可能不會工作。在這種情況下僅僅需要刷新頁面恢復原始順序。

參見

參考資料

  1. ^ Milazzo, G., Caroli, S., and Sharma, V. K. (1978). Tables of Standard Electrode Potentials (Wiley, Chichester).
  2. ^ Bard, A. J., Parsons, R., and Jordan, J. (1985). Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solutions (Marcel Dekker, New York).
  3. ^ Bratsch, S. G. (1989). Journal of Physical Chemistry Reference Data Vol. 18, pp. 1–21.
  4. ^ Vanýsek, Petr (2006). "Electrochemical Series," in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 87th Edition頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) (Chemical Rubber Company).
  5. ^ Vanýsek, Petr (2007). 「Electrochemical Series」頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館), in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) (Chemical Rubber Company).
  6. ^ Greenwood, N. N.; Earnshaw, A. Chemistry of the Elements 2nd. Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann. 1997. ISBN 0-7506-3365-4. 
  7. ^ Bard, A.J., Faulkner, L.R.(2001). Electrochemical Methods. Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd edition (John Wiley and Sons Inc).
  8. ^ Marcel Pourbaix (1966). Atlas of Electrochemical Equilibria in Aqueous Solutions (NACE International, Houston, Texas; Cebelcor, Brussels).
  9. ^ Peter Atkins (1997). Physical Chemistry, 6th edition (W.H. Freeman and Company, New York).
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 Milazzo, G., Caroli, S., and Sharma, V. K. (1978). Tables of Standard Electrode Potentials (Wiley, Chichester).
  11. ^ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Bratsch, S. G. (1989). Journal of Physical Chemistry Reference Data Vol. 18, pp. 1–21.
  12. ^ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Ca Sr Ba一價[11]與兩價間的標準電極電勢正好有規律關係,因此可以估計近似值
  13. ^ 13.00 13.01 13.02 13.03 13.04 13.05 13.06 13.07 13.08 13.09 13.10 13.11 13.12 13.13 13.14 13.15 13.16 13.17 13.18 13.19 13.20 13.21 13.22 13.23 13.24 13.25 13.26 13.27 13.28 13.29 13.30 13.31 13.32 13.33 13.34 13.35 13.36 Standard Redox Potential Table. [2012-01-14]. (原始內容存檔於2021-02-06). 
  14. ^ 14.0 14.1 Lide, David R. (編), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 87th, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2006, ISBN 0-8493-0487-3 
  15. ^ Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 1263
  16. ^ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 Greenwood, N. N.; Earnshaw, A. Chemistry of the Elements 2nd. Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann. 1997. ISBN 0-7506-3365-4. 
  17. ^ 17.00 17.01 17.02 17.03 17.04 17.05 17.06 17.07 17.08 17.09 17.10 17.11 17.12 17.13 17.14 17.15 17.16 17.17 17.18 17.19 17.20 17.21 17.22 17.23 17.24 17.25 17.26 17.27 17.28 17.29 17.30 Vanýsek, Petr (2007). 「Electrochemical Series」頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館), in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) (Chemical Rubber Company).
  18. ^ Vanýsek, Petr (2006). "Electrochemical Series," in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 87th Edition頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) (Chemical Rubber Company).
  19. ^ 19.00 19.01 19.02 19.03 19.04 19.05 19.06 19.07 19.08 19.09 19.10 19.11 19.12 19.13 Peter Atkins (1997). Physical Chemistry, 6th edition (W.H. Freeman and Company, New York).
  20. ^ Ti Zr Hf 的標準電極電勢變化較規律,因此可估計 Rf的標準電極電勢
  21. ^ 21.00 21.01 21.02 21.03 21.04 21.05 21.06 21.07 21.08 21.09 21.10 Bard, A.J., Faulkner, L.R.(2001). Electrochemical Methods. Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd edition (John Wiley and Sons Inc).
  22. ^ Gordon Aylward & Tristan Findlay (2008). "SI Chemical Data", 6th edition (John Wiley & Sons, Australia), ISBN 9780470816387.
  23. ^ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 23.5 23.6 Vanýsek, Petr (2007). 「Electrochemical Series」, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition (Chemical Rubber Company).
  24. ^ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 24.4 WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements | Iron | compounds information. [2012-01-14]. (原始內容存檔於2021-01-18). 
  25. ^ 25.00 25.01 25.02 25.03 25.04 25.05 25.06 25.07 25.08 25.09 25.10 25.11 25.12 25.13 25.14 25.15 25.16 25.17 25.18 Bard, A. J., Parsons, R., and Jordan, J. (1985). Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solutions (Marcel Dekker, New York).
  26. ^ 26.0 26.1 由−0.454和(2×−0.499+−0.508)÷3=−0.502推算出。
  27. ^ 「Glyoxal Bisulfite」頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館), Organic Syntheses, Collected Volume 3, p.438 (1955).
  28. ^ Marcel Pourbaix (1966). Atlas of Electrochemical Equilibria in Aqueous Solutions (NACE International, Houston, Texas; Cebelcor, Brussels).
  29. ^ Connelly, Neil G.; Geiger, William E. Chemical Redox Agents for Organometallic Chemistry. Chemical Reviews. 1 January 1996, 96 (2): 877–910. PMID 11848774. doi:10.1021/cr940053x. 
  30. ^ 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 30.4 30.5 30.6 WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements | Xenon | compounds information. [2012-01-14]. (原始內容存檔於2021-03-22). 
  31. ^ Cotton, F. Albert; Wilkinson, Geoffrey; Murillo, Carlos A.; Bochmann, Manfred, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry 6th, New York: Wiley-Interscience, 1999, ISBN 0-471-19957-5 
  32. ^ Redox Reactions, Western Oregon University website. [2012-01-15]. (原始內容存檔於2019-08-30).