藤杖
藤杖(英語:vine staff或vine-staff)或稱百夫長手杖(英語:centurion's staff)[1],古羅馬陸軍[2][3]和海軍[4]中使用的一種長約3英尺(1公尺)的葡萄藤木手杖。它是百夫長的象徵:[5]不僅可以用來指揮訓練和演習,還能用來懲處麾下的士兵。[6]同級別的留任老兵也攜帶這種手杖。[7]
起源
藤杖可能源自伊特魯里亞的「lituus」杖,無疑地是,在布匿戰爭時已經使用了。[3]隨著波爾基烏斯法案在公元前2世紀頒布,藤杖成為杖打羅馬公民的唯一工具[6],曾被很多古典時期作家說提及[8][10][12]。在處決死刑犯前鞭打他們時,或執行軍事犯罪的鞭刑時,藤杖上也都不帶任何的杖頭。[13]塔西陀曾提到一個名為盧基里烏斯的百夫長,他也被稱為「Gimme Another」(Cedo Alterum或Alteram),他有在打人的時候將藤杖打爆的癖好,[14]他是潘諾尼亞兵變最早被殺的人之一。[13]不過,士兵們通常都會忍受這種懲罰;抓住藤杖會導致降級,而破壞藤杖或傷害百夫長則會被處以死刑。[13]
參見
參考
腳註
- ^ Brand (1968),第83頁.
- ^ D'Amato & Rava (2012),第38–39頁.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 D'Amato & Rava (2013),第38–39頁.
- ^ D'Amato & Sumner (2009),第20頁.
- ^ Webster 1979,第132頁.
- ^ 6.0 6.1 Walters (1997),第40頁.
- ^ Lewis 1890,第206頁.
- ^ Ovid, Art of Love, III, 527.
- ^ Mannix (1964),第33頁.
- ^ Cited in Mannix.[9]
- ^ Gallonio (2013),第51頁.
- ^ Cited in Gallonio.[11]
- ^ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Brand (1968),第84頁.
- ^ Tacitus., Annals, Bk. I, Ch. 23, §4.
資料
- Brand, C.E., Roman Military Law, Austin: University of Texas Press, 1968 [2015-10-25], ISBN 978-0-292-74224-6, (原始內容存檔於2016-03-04).
- Cook, Arthur Bernard, Zeus: A Study in Ancient Religion, Vol. I: Zeus God of the Bright Sky, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1914 [2015-10-25], (原始內容存檔於2021-02-27).
- D'Amato, Raffaele; Sumner, Graham, Illustrator, Imperial Roman Naval Forces 31 BC–AD 500, Men-at-Arms, Vol. 479, Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2009 [2015-10-25], ISBN 978-1-84603-317-9, (原始內容存檔於2016-03-04).
- D'Amato, Raffaele; Rava, Giuseppe, Illustrator, Roman Centurions 31 BC–AD 500: The Classical and Late Empire, Men-at-Arms, Vol. 479, Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2012 [2015-10-25], ISBN 1849087954, (原始內容存檔於2016-03-04).
- D'Amato, Raffaele; Rava, Giuseppe, Illustrator, Roman Centurions 753–31 BC: The Kingdom and the Age of Consuls, Men-at-Arms, Vol. 470, Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2013 [2015-10-25], ISBN 9781849089371, (原始內容存檔於2016-03-04).
- Gallonio, Rev. Antonio, De SS. Martyrum Cruciatibus (PDF), translated from the Latin by Geoffrey K. Mondello as The Tortures and Torments of the Christian Martyrs for the Boston Catholic Journal, 2013 [2015-10-25], (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2019-03-03).
- Lewis, Bunnell, Roman Antiquities of the Middle Rhine, The Archaeological Journal 47 (London: British Archaeological Association), 1890, 47: 193–378 [2015-10-25], (原始內容存檔於2016-03-04).
- Mannix, Daniel Pratt IV, The History of Torture, New York, Lake Oswego, Oregon: Dorset, eNet Press, 1964 [2015-10-25], ISBN 978-1-61886-751-3, (原始內容存檔於2016-03-04).
- Robinson, H. Russell, The Armour of Imperial Rome, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1975, ISBN 9780684139562, ISBN 0684139561.
- Walters, Jonathan, Invading the Roman Body: Manliness and Impenetrability in Roman Thought, Roman Sexualities, Princeton: Princeton University Press: 29–44, 1997 [2015-10-25], ISBN 0-691-01179-6, (原始內容存檔於2020-10-22).
- Webster, Graham. The Roman Imperial Army of the first and second centuries A.D.. London: Constable and Company. 1979: 132. ISBN 0-09-475660-0. ISBN 978-0806130002.
- Williams, Carolyn D., Boudica and Her Stories: Narrative Transformations of a Warrior Queen, Cranbury: Associated University Presses, 2009 [2015-10-25], ISBN 978-0-87413-079-9, (原始內容存檔於2016-03-04).