理查·葉慈

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理查·葉慈
Richard Yates
出生1926年2月3日
 美國紐約州揚克斯
逝世1992年11月7日(1992歲—11—07)（66歲）
 美國阿拉巴馬州伯明罕
職業小說家，短篇小說作家
國籍 美國
創作時期1953年－1986年
體裁長篇小說，短篇小說，劇本
文學運動現實主義
代表作《真愛旅程（英語：Revolutionary Road）》（1961年）
《十一種孤獨（英語：Eleven Kinds of Loneliness）》（1962年）
《復活節遊行（英語：The Easter Parade）》（1976年）
配偶希拉·布賴恩特（1948年－1959年）
瑪莎·斯皮爾（1968年－1975年）
兒女3名女兒（莎倫，莫妮卡，吉娜）
受影響於史考特·費茲傑羅，歐內斯特·海明威，J·D·塞林格，古斯塔夫·福樓拜，查爾斯·狄更斯，列夫·托爾斯泰，林·拉德納（英語：Ring Lardner），安東·契訶夫，約瑟夫·康拉德，費奧多·杜斯妥也夫斯基，E·M·福斯特，凱薩琳·曼斯菲爾德，辛克萊·劉易斯，狄蘭·托馬斯，詹姆士·喬伊斯，約翰·濟慈
施影響於安得烈·杜布斯（英語：Andre Dubus），雷蒙德·卡佛，勞勃·斯通（英語：Robert Stone (novelist)），史都華·奧南（英語：Stewart O'Nan），托拜厄斯·沃爾夫，麥可·謝朋，威廉·斯蒂倫（英語：William Styron），理查·福特，安·貝蒂（英語：Ann Beattie）[1]，鍾芭·拉希莉[2]，林韜[3]

理查·葉慈（英語：Richard Yates，1926年2月3日—1992年11月7日）是一位美國小說家。他的處女作《真愛旅程（英語：Revolutionary Road）》出版後即獲1962年美國國家圖書獎提名，首部短篇小說集《十一種孤獨（英語：Eleven Kinds of Loneliness）》則常與詹姆士·喬伊斯的《都柏林人》相較。但評論界的讚譽並未在葉慈生前帶給他商業上的成功，直到他去世後，部分得益於史都華·奧南（英語：Stewart O'Nan）1999年發表在波士頓評論（英語：Boston Review）的文章、布萊克·貝利（英語：Blake Bailey）創作於2003年的葉慈傳記，以及改編自葉慈同名小說的2008年奧斯卡獎提名和金球獎獲獎電影《真愛旅程》，葉慈的作品才再次受到公眾關注。

生平

1926年2月3日，理查·葉慈出生於紐約州揚克斯，父親文森特·葉慈（Vincent Yates）是奇異的推銷員，母親露絲·莫勒·葉慈（Ruth Maurer Yates）則是一位雕塑家。葉慈三歲時父母離異，而後他跟隨母親生活，童年時期頻繁輾轉於不同城鎮的居所。他於1941年入讀康乃狄克州埃文的老農場學校（英語：Avon Old Farms School），期間開始對新聞學和寫作產生興趣。自埃文畢業後，葉慈應徵入伍，作為步兵參與在法國和德國的戰鬥，直到1946年返回美國，於紐約尋找工作。[4][5]

在紐約期間，葉慈於合眾通訊社的財務部門擔任改寫員，並曾短暫為時任司法部長勞勃·甘迺迪的演講稿捉刀，後來成為雷明頓蘭德公司的宣傳作家。[6]1950年，葉慈被診斷出患有肺結核，因而獲得退伍軍人殘疾撫恤金，隨後兩年他搬到英國和法國生活，並決定成為職業小說家。回到紐約後，葉慈以自由撰稿人身份繼續供職於雷明頓蘭德公司，期間持續創作短篇小說，同時著手撰寫他的首部長篇小說《真愛旅程（英語：Revolutionary Road）》。《真愛旅程》於1961年出版後廣受好評，更獲美國國家圖書獎提名，葉慈的才華也得到評論家們的認可。[5] In 1962, he wrote the screenplay for a film adaptation of William Styron's Lie Down in Darkness. He subsequently taught writing at Columbia University, the New School for Social Research,[4] Boston University (where his papers are archived),[7] at the University of Iowa Writer's Workshop, at Wichita State University, the University of Southern California Master of Professional Writing Program, and at the University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa.[8]

In 1948, he married Sheila Bryant, the daughter of Marjorie Gilhooley Bryant and British actor Charles Bryant, who lived with Broadway actress and silent-film star Alla Nazimova from 1912 to 1925 during the height of her wealth and fame. Richard and Sheila Yates had two daughters, Sharon and Monica, before divorcing in 1959. Richard remarried Martha Speer in 1968 and they had a daughter, Gina.[9] In 1992, he died of emphysema and complications from minor surgery in Birmingham, Alabama.[10]

小說創作

長篇小說

Yates's fiction was autobiographical in nature and his fiction included much of his own life. Yates was born in 1926, making him 17 in 1943, the same age as William Grove in A Good School; he was 29 in 1955, the same age as Frank Wheeler in Revolutionary Road; and he was 36 in 1962, the age of Emily Grimes in The Easter Parade.[11]

Yates's first novel, Revolutionary Road, was a finalist for the National Book Award that year (alongside Joseph Heller's Catch-22, J. D. Salinger's Franny and Zooey, and the winning novel, Walker Percy's The Moviegoer). Yates was championed by writers as diverse as Kurt Vonnegut, Dorothy Parker, William Styron, Tennessee Williams and John Cheever. Yates's brand of realism was a direct influence on writers such as Andre Dubus, Raymond Carver and Richard Ford.[4]

For much of his life, Yates's work met almost universal critical acclaim, yet not one of his books sold over 12,000 copies in hardcover first edition.[12] All of his novels were out of print in the years after his death, though his reputation has substantially increased posthumously and many of his novels have since been reissued in new editions. This current success can be largely traced to the influence of Stewart O'Nan's 1999 essay in the Boston Review, "The Lost World of Richard Yates: How the great writer of the Age of Anxiety disappeared from print".

With the revival of interest in Yates's life and work after his death, Blake Bailey published the first in-depth biography of Yates, A Tragic Honesty: The Life and Work of Richard Yates (2003). Film director Sam Mendes directed Revolutionary Road, a 2008 film based on the 1961 novel of the same name. The film was nominated for BAFTAs, Golden Globes, Academy Awards, and others. Kate Winslet thanked Richard Yates for writing such a powerful novel and providing such a strong role for a woman while accepting a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress for her role in the film.[13]

短篇小說

葉慈同時也是一位倍受讚譽的短篇小說作家。他的首部短篇小說集《十一種孤獨（英語：Eleven Kinds of Loneliness）》在處女作《真愛旅程 (小說)（英語：Revolutionary Road）》發表一年後即問世。《十一種孤獨》常被認為可與喬伊斯的《都柏林人》相媲美（除其中一個故事外，所有的故事都發生在紐約市各行政區及其周邊地區，而喬伊斯的故事則發生在都柏林）並在小說作家圈中享有崇高地位，儘管相對大眾來說仍是默默無聞。後來勞勃·托爾斯（Robert Towers）在《紐約時報》上發表的一篇文章曾稱讚此作：「無遺地展現了那些你能夠在紐約皇后區厚厚的電話薄里隨便翻到名字的小人物們極力捍衛個人尊嚴的努力和從而卻招致的更大恥辱」。[14]

距離首作問世將近20年之後，葉慈的第二部短篇小說集《戀愛中的騙子（英語：Liars in Love）》發表於1981年，再次收穫了評論界的熱烈反響。為《紐約時報》撰稿的克里斯多夫·李曼赫普特（英語：Christopher Lehmann-Haupt）稱此作為「巧奪天工」，並斷定道「這部小說集中的每一處細節都將會在讀者的記憶中長久地保持鮮活」。[15]

Despite this, only one of Yates' short stories ever appeared in 《紐約客》 (after repeated rejections), and this was done posthumously. "The Canal" was published in the magazine nine years after the author's death, to celebrate the 2001 release of The Collected Stories of Richard Yates, a collection that was again met with great critical fanfare.

流行文化中的葉慈

電影

小說

其他領域

作品

理查·葉慈的著作

長篇小說

短篇小說集

電影改編作品

  • 1969年：《雷瑪根大橋》（The Bridge at Remagen）（劇本）
  • 1985年：《在黑暗中躺下》（Lie Down In Darkness）（未拍攝劇本）
  • 2008年：《真愛旅程》（Revolutionary Road）

參考資料

  1. ^ Beattie, Ann. Out of Oblivion / A writer rejoices that Richard Yates' stories are back in print. SFGate. 2001-05-06 [2022-03-23]. 
  2. ^ The Hum Inside the Skull, Revisited. The New York Times. 2005-01-16 [2022-03-23]. 
  3. ^ Lin, Tao. Tao Lin Asks, and Answers, Four Questions. The Rumpus（英語：The Rumpus）. 2010-08-08 [2022-03-23]. 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Bailey, Blake. A Tragic Honesty: The Life and Work of Richard Yates. New York: Picador（英語：Picador (imprint)）. 2003. ISBN 978-03-1228-721-4. OCLC 51040212. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 Keene, Ann T. Yates, Richard (03 February 1926–07 November 1992), writer. American National Biography（英語：American National Biography）. 2005-09 [2022-03-23]. 
  6. ^ Ford, Richard. Essay; American Beauty (Circa 1955). The New York Times Book Review (The New York Times Company). 2000-04-09 [2022-03-23]. 
  7. ^ Drinking With Dick Yates. The North American Review. May–August 2001: 75. 
  8. ^ Bradfield, Scott. Follow the long and revolutionary road. （原始內容存檔於2009-02-14）. 
  9. ^ Naparsteck, Martin, Richard Yates Up Close: The Writer and His Works, McFarland, Dec 22, 2011
  10. ^ Pace, Eric. Richard Yates, Novelist, 66, Dies; Chronicler of Disappointed Lives. The New York Times (The New York Times Company). 1992-11-09 [2008-03-31]. 
  11. ^ Naparsteck, Martin. Richard Yates Up Close. NC, uSA: McFarland. 2012: 15. ISBN 978-0-7864-6059-5. 
  12. ^ A Fresh Twist in the Road For Novelist Richard Yates, a Specialist in Grim Irony, Late Fame's a Wicked Return. Los Angeles Times. 1989-07-09. 
  13. ^ Revolutionary Road –透過www.imdb.com. 
  14. ^ Tower, Robert. Richard Yates and His Unhappy People. The New York Times. 1981-11-01. 
  15. ^ Lehmann-Haupt, Christopher. Books of the Times. The New York Times. 1981-10-15. 
  16. ^ Film Review: Revolutionary Road, Peter Bradshaw, Guardian, 2009 Jan 30
  17. ^ Williams, John. Slippery Nate: Adelle Waldman Talks About ‘The Love Affairs of Nathaniel P.'. The New York Times. 2013-07-17. 
  18. ^ Bailey, Blake. A Tragic Honesty: The Life and Work of Richard Yates. Picador, 2003.
  19. ^ (December 1, 2011). "Larry David's Rough Night Out With The Aging Literary Lion". The Awl. Retrieved on May 21, 2014
  20. ^ The Collected Stories of Richard Yates by Richard Yates. www.penguin.co.uk. 

參考文獻

外部連結

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