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維基百科，自由的百科全書
Excubitors
存在時期約460 CE – 約1081
國家或地區Byzantine Empire
種類Imperial guard (mid-5th – 7th centuries), heavy cavalry (mid-8th – 11th centuries)
駐軍/總部Constantinople (5th–8th centuries), Bithynia and Thrace (8th–11th centuries), provincial detachments at least in Longobardia and Hellas (10th–11th centuries)
參與戰役Heraclius' campaigns during the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628, Abbasid invasion of Asia Minor (782), Battle of Marcellae, Battle of Pliska, Battle of Boulgarophygon, Battle of Acheloos, Battle of Azaz (1030), Battle of Dyrrhachium (1081)
指揮官
著名指揮官Justin I, Marcellus, Tiberius II Constantine, Maurice, Philippicus, Priscus, Nicetas, Valentinus, Michael II, Constantine Opos

「哨兵軍」（拉丁語：excubitores或excubiti，字面意思為「不在床上的人」，即「哨兵」[a]；希臘語：ἐξκουβίτορες或ἐξκούβιτοι）是拜占庭帝國皇帝利奧一世（457-474年在位）於約460年創立的一支禁衛部隊。這支部隊原本編制300人，自好戰的山地民族伊蘇里亞人中招募成員，成為了最重要的一支近衛部隊，舊的「帕拉丁宮內軍（Scholae Palatinae）」地位下降。接下來的兩個世紀中，「哨兵軍」保持著積極活動，不過作為禁衛部隊，他們不常參與帝國的對外戰爭。這支部隊的指揮官是「哨兵軍隨從官（拉丁語：comes excubitorum，希臘語：κόμης τῶν ἐξκουβίτων）, 因其禁衛職能而成為一個具有很大影響力的官職：查士丁一世就是以「哨兵軍隨從官」的身份在518年被選中繼承皇位，此後這一職務一直有具有重要影響力的人物擔任；6世紀後期，提比略二世和莫里斯兩位皇帝在即位前也都曾擔任這一職務。

7世紀後期，「哨兵軍」的名號似乎只在閱兵時出現，而其本身已不再是一支真正的部隊。幾個零散的官印表明，在8世紀初，其指揮官「哨兵軍隨從官」似乎僅是一種榮譽頭銜，而非具有軍事職能的實官。這種情況在約760年被君士坦丁五世（741-775年在位）改變，他建立了精銳的職業重騎兵部隊「塔格馬（英語：Tagma (military)）（τάγμα）」，將「哨兵軍」列為其中一支分隊，「塔格瑪」隨後成為此後很長一段時間中拜占庭軍隊的核心。此時，「哨兵軍」的指揮官也改稱「哨兵軍家內官（英語：Domestikos）（δομέστικος τῶν ἐξκουβίτων）」，其著名指揮官包括聖人偉大的約安尼基歐斯（英語：Joannicius the Great）和皇帝米海爾二世。之後的幾個世紀中，「哨兵軍」經常參與帝國各地的戰鬥，並在11世紀後期帝國的混亂與動盪中逐漸衰亡，1081年的都拉齊翁戰役（英語：Battle of Dyrrhachium (1081)）成為「哨兵軍」參與的最後一場戰役。

歷史

早期：皇帝近衛軍

「哨兵軍」最初由利奧一世皇帝（457-474年在位）於約460年創立，這支部隊的士兵從頑強好戰的伊蘇里亞人中招募，利奧一世此舉是他對抗在軍隊中影響力巨大的權臣「軍隊總長（英語：Magister militum）（Magister militum）」阿斯帕爾（英語：Aspar）以及他手下的日耳曼裔士兵的舉措的一部分[2][3][4]。與由「行政總長（英語：Magister officiorum）（Magister officiorum）」統帥並逐漸淪為儀仗部隊的舊禁衛部隊「帕拉丁宮內軍（Scholae Palatinae）」不同，「哨兵軍」長期以來保持了精銳戰鬥部隊的地位[5][6][7]。

Tremissis of Emperor Justin I, the first commander of the Excubitors to rise to the throne.

哨兵軍由「哨兵軍隨從官（拉丁語：comes excubitorum，希臘語：κόμης τῶν ἐξκουβίτων）指揮，擔任此職這不屬於任何其他機構，僅向皇帝本人負責[7]。憑藉其接近皇帝的特殊地位，「哨兵軍隨從官」（其已知歷史延續到約680年）在6-7世紀成為非常重要的官職，由皇室家族的親密成員，甚至是皇位繼承人擔任[4][7][8]。查士丁一世（518-527年在位）在登位前就是「哨兵軍隨從官」，他憑藉部下的支持，成功在阿納斯塔修斯一世（491-518年在位）死後被選為皇帝[9][8]。同樣，查士丁二世（565-578年在位）也是依靠「哨兵軍」的支持才得以無爭議地繼位；時任「哨兵軍隨從官」提比略是他的親信，因查士丁二世的干預才得到這個職位，後者在其皇帝生涯中仍把提比略當做自己的左膀右臂，最終指定他繼承皇位，即提比略二世（578-582年在位）[10][11]。提比略二世最後也選擇由他任命的「哨兵軍隨從官」莫里斯繼位[12]。莫里斯（582-602年在位）任命他的姐夫菲利皮科斯（英語：Philippicus (comes excubitorum)）為「哨兵軍隨從官」，福卡斯（602-610年在位） 則選擇普里斯科斯（英語：Priscus (magister militum)）任此官，並把自己的女兒嫁給他[8]。另一位有權勢的「哨兵軍隨從官」是瓦倫蒂諾斯（英語：Valentinus (usurper)），他在641年太后馬爾蒂娜（英語：Martina (empress)）攝政時的權力鬥爭中得到任命，並隨即廢黜了太后與她的兒子赫拉克羅納斯，擁立君士坦斯二世（641-668年在位），自己掌握大權，644年他嘗試自己奪取皇位，結果被君士坦丁堡的民眾殺死[13]。

6世紀末，「哨兵軍隨從官」擁有官階較高的散官銜，如「貴族（patrikios）」與「最光榮者（英語：Vir gloriosus）（vir gloriosissimus）」[7]。除了擔任哨兵軍的指揮官之外，他們還另外承擔一些職責，如徵募新兵、審問涉嫌背叛之人等[7]，有時也被派去前線領導軍隊[7]。這一職位所蘊含的巨大權力，以及普里斯科斯、瓦倫蒂諾斯背叛皇帝的前車之鑑，使得其在7世紀後半葉漸漸失去了權力[14]，不過在8世紀仍繼續存在，直到「哨兵軍」被重組[15]。

Lead seal of the Excubitor Basil (7th century)

「哨兵軍」也曾數次參加帝國的前線戰鬥，如598年，莫里斯皇帝曾指派他們防衛阿納斯塔修斯長城（英語：Anastasian Wall），抵禦阿瓦爾人的進攻[16]；希拉克略皇帝（610-641年在位）率領他們對抗薩珊波斯，約650年，部分「哨兵軍」參與護衛教皇馬丁一世[17]。7世紀後期，哨兵軍似乎也和「帕拉丁宮內軍」一樣淪為了儀仗部隊，不再參加實戰[18]。7世紀-8世紀初，「哨兵軍成員」與「宮內軍成員」似乎逐漸由軍事身份演變為被大量授予的散官，類似部分曾經的軍事官職的發展演變，如「白軍服者（κανδιδα̑τος）」。這一點為大量出土的官印所證實，被稱為「哨兵軍成員」的人數眾多，與之前或之後「哨兵軍」為實戰軍事單位時的情況明顯不同。而且部分官印顯示，許多擁有「哨兵軍成員」（或「宮內軍成員」）頭銜的官員同時擔任其他實官，還有一個名為喬治的人同時擁有「哨兵軍成員」與「宮內軍成員」頭銜[19]。

後期：精英部隊

早期「哨兵軍」最後一次作為一支軍隊出現在歷史記載之中是在687年查士丁尼二世（685-695及705-711年在位）致教皇若望五世的信中[20]。約760年，君士坦丁五世（741-775年在位）為了制衡地方軍區的部隊[21][22]，建立了精銳中央部隊「塔格瑪（英語：Tagma (military)）（τάγμα）」，「哨兵軍」被重組為其下的一個單位，其指揮官改稱「哨兵軍家內官（英語：Domestikos）（δομέστικος τῶν ἐξκουβίτων）「[23][24]。「塔格瑪」為騎兵部隊[25]，裝備中央軍械工場生產的優於地方部隊（軍區部隊）的武裝，可能為具裝騎兵[26]。此後「哨兵軍」也不再是宮廷禁衛軍，經常外出參戰，其原有的禁衛職能被另一支新創建的「塔格瑪」部隊「守望者（英語：Vigla (tagma)）（Βίγλα）」取代[27]。

Nevertheless, the possibly first commander of the tagma, Strategios Podopagouros, was among the leaders of a failed plot against Constantine V's life in 765, and was executed after its discovery. This initiated a purge of the new units from suspected opponents of the Emperor's policies.[28][29] By the 780s, following years of imperial favour and military victories under Constantine V and his son Leo IV the Khazar (r. 775–780), the tagmata had become firm adherents to the iconoclast cause.[21][30] Within less than two months of Leo V's death in 780, Empress-regent Irene of Athens had to foil an attempt spearheaded by the Domestic of the Excubitors to place Constantine V's exiled second son, Nikephoros, on the throne,[31] and in 785/86 Irene forcibly disarmed them and exiled some 1,500 tagmatic soldiers due to their resistance to the restoration of the icons.[32][33][34]

At the same time, the tagmata were extensively employed in campaigns during this period: their participation is attested at least for Constantine V's 773 campaign against the Bulgars, and during the Abbasid invasion of Asia Minor in 782.[27] Indeed, the historian John Haldon remarks that the retention of the tagmata by Irene, despite their iconoclastic bias, is testament to their effectiveness as a field force.[34] The Scholae and the Excubitors nevertheless continued to play an active political role in the events of the following decades: in 792, they attempted to overthrow Irene's son, Constantine VI (r. 780–797), after the disastrous Battle of Marcellae against the Bulgars, and in 797, their support was crucial for Irene's overthrowing her own son and replacing him as sole ruler; and again, the two tagmata were crucial in the deposition of Irene herself in 802.[35]

Solidus of Emperor Michael II and his son, Theophilos.

The Excubitors took part in the disastrous Pliska campaign in 811, when the Byzantine army was routed by Tsar Krum of Bulgaria (r. 803–814); the Domestic of the Excubitors fell in the field along with the other senior Byzantine generals, including Emperor Nikephoros I himself (r. 802–811).[36] The most prominent domestic of the Excubitors of the period was Michael II the Amorian (r. 820–829), whose supporters overthrew Emperor Leo V the Armenian (r. 813–820) and raised him to the throne.[37] The regiment also fought at the battles of Boulgarophygon in 896 and Acheloos in 917, both heavy defeats against the Bulgarians.[38] In the expedition against the Emirate of Crete in 949, the Byzantine force included a contingent of over 700 Excubitors.[38] In 958, the Excubitors participated in the repulsion of a Magyar raid.[38]

The Excubitors took part in the failed Azaz campaign of 1030, where they were ambushed and dispersed by the Mirdasids, while their commander, the patrikios Leo Choirosphaktes, was taken captive.[39] As with most of the Byzantine army, the tagmata of the capital atrophied during the mid-11th century, and many of them disappear in the turmoils of foreign invasion and civil wars that followed the destruction of the Byzantine field army in the Battle of Manzikert in 1071. The Excubitors are last attested in Anna Komnene's Alexiad, where they are recorded as participating at the Battle of Dyrrhachium against the Italo-Normans in 1081, under the command of Constantine Opos.[40][41][42]

結構

Template:Byzantine Military

早期

The internal structure of the regiment during its first centuries is obscure.[43] Unlike the Scholae, which comprised several sub-units garrisoned throughout Bithynia (and occasionally in Thrace) as well as Constantinople,[44] the Excubitors were a small and elite unit that served in the imperial palace itself and was intended exclusively to protect the emperor.[45] From their foundation and throughout the early period of their existence, the Excubitors numbered 300 men.[2][4] Originally recruited exclusively from Isaurians, the unit was eventually opened up to other ethnicities, but it is unclear how the new recruits were chosen.[43] Based on the retention of late antique ranks in the middle Byzantine period, the Excubitors appear to have been structured similarly to the Scholae.[46] Their arms and equipment are unknown, other than that they are recorded as carrying maces. Since they were a bodyguard unit intended to serve in the palace, they were most likely infantry.[46]

The presence of officers called scribones in the corps has been controversial: John B. Bury and A. H. M. Jones both suggested that they were a separate, although possibly related, unit.[43][47] Based on the presence of the scribones among the ranks of the later, middle Byzantine incarnation of the Excubitors, however, it is thought that the scribones were the subaltern officers of the count of the Excubitors.[43] The historian Warren Treadgold speculates that they fulfilled a role similar to the regular cavalry decurions, commanding troops of 30 men each,[6] but the scribones also appear in charge of administrative matters such as handing out pay to the soldiers,[46] as well as more sensitive tasks such as delivering letters, making arrests, and preparing expeditions.[43]

後期

Seal of [Mart]inos (?), domestic of the Imperial Excubitors

In its later incarnation as a tagma, the regiment (often called collectively τὸ ἐξκούβιτον, to exkoubiton or τὰ ἐξκούβιτα, ta exkoubita) was structured along the same standardized lines followed by the other tagmata, with a few variations in the titles of its officers.[48][49][50]

指揮官

The regimental commander, the domestic of the Excubitors (often also shortened to "the Excubitor", ὁ ἐξκουβίτωρ/ἐξκούβιτος),[51] is well attested in the various lists of offices in the 9th–10th centuries, where it is held in tandem with that of the chief (dēmokratēs) of the "suburban" (περατικοὶ, peratikoi) members of the racing faction (dēmos) of the Greens, which functioned as a militia for the defence of Constantinople, and of the regiment of the "Walls".[51][52][53] The domestics were originally of strikingly low court rank (mere spatharioi, 'sword-bearers'), but they gradually rose to importance: while in the Taktikon Uspensky of 約842 the domestic of the Excubitors came behind all the thematic commanders (stratēgoi) in order of precedence, in the Klētorologion of 899, the domestic is shown as superior to the stratēgoi of the European themes and even to the Eparch of Constantinople. At the same time, the court dignities they held rose to the much loftier ranks of prōtospatharios ('first sword-bearer') and even patrikios ('patrician').[23][50]

The Escorial Taktikon, written 約971/75, records the existence of a "Domestic of the Excubitors of the East" (δομέστικος τῶν ἐξκουβίτων τῆς ἀνατολῆς), and a "Domestic of the Excubitors of the West" (δομέστικος τῶν ἐξκουβίτων τῆς δύσεως), as well as a subaltern "Domestic of the Excubitors".[51] This has led to the suggestion that, probably under Romanos II (r. 959–963), the regiment, like the senior Scholae, was split in two units, one for the West and one for the East, each headed by a respective domestic.[23][54] However, unlike the Scholae, these designations no longer appear in any later source, and they may have been of brief existence.[51] The subaltern domestic of the Excubitors may either by a copyist error, or, according to Vera von Falkenhausen, indicate a subordinate official in charge of Excubitors stationed in the provinces; indeed such provincial detachments are attested, albeit only for the themes of Longobardia in southern Italy and of Hellas in Greece.[55]

其他官員

The fact that the unit did not partake in campaigns during the 7th century preserved it from the reforms that affected the field army during this period, so that the late antique terminology for its junior officers remained relatively intact.[56] The domestic was assisted by a topotērētēs (τοποτηρητής, 直譯：「placeholder」, 'lieutenant') and a chartoularios (χαρτουλάριος, 'secretary').[50][57] The topotērētēs was of relatively low-to-middle court rank (originally stratōr, 'groom' or spatharios, later spatharokandidatos). He may have commanded provincial detachments of the regiment, and there may have been more than one topotērētai at the same time, for each of these detachments.[57]

Based on a reference from the hagiography of St. Joannicius the Great (762–846), who was himself recruited into the regiment and served there until deserting it following the Battle of Marcellae,[58] in 773 the regiment itself was divided into at least eighteen banda, probably each commanded by a skribōn (σκρίβων), showing the retention of the role of the earlier scribones as the main subaltern officers of the regiment.[48][59][60] Each bandon was further divided into sub-units headed by a drakonarios (δρακονάριος, deriving from the late Roman draconarius). The post was originally that of a standard-bearer, but after Constantine V's reform of the unit into a tagma, the drakonarioi probably functioned as junior officers. The junior officers also included the skeuophoroi (σκευοφόροι, 'standard carriers'), signophoroi (σιγνοφόροι, i.e. signifers) and sinatores (σινάτορες, from the late Roman rank of senator, now much reduced in prominence).[61][62][63] There were also the usual messengers (μανδάτορες, mandatores) under a prōtomandatōr, some of whom were also termed legatarioi (λεγατάριοι), possibly entrusted with police duties.[61][63]

規模

「哨兵軍」以及整個「塔格瑪」的具體規模都難以確定，不同的學者有不同的看法。Drawing on the lists of officers and accounts of Arab geographers Ibn Khordadbeh and Qudamah, historian Warren Treadgold suggested an establishment strength of 約4,000 men, which for the Scholae and the Excubitors rose to 約6,000 with the division of the regiments in the mid-10th century.[64] Other scholars, most prominently John Haldon, based on a more conservative reading of sources, have provided estimates of around 1,000 men for each tagma.[65] For security reasons, both the Scholae and the Excubitors were scattered in garrisons in Thrace and Bithynia rather than being stationed within Constantinople, making it harder for them to be used in mounting a coup.[27][66][67]

已知的「哨兵軍」指揮官

名字 任期 注釋
哨兵軍隨從官（拉丁語：comes excubitorum，希臘語：κόμης τῶν ἐξκουβίτων）
Justin I 515–518 Count of the Excubitors under Emperor Anastasius I, before becoming emperor. As count of the Excubitors, he took part in the suppression of the rebellion of Vitalian, leading the imperial fleet against the rebel navy.[68]
Priscus 529 A former secretary (notarius) of Justinian I, he became count of the Excubitors but fell foul of Empress Theodora and was banished to Cyzicus and later a monastery.[69]
Theodore 535–536 As count of the Excubitors, he served with Solomon in North Africa, where he played a critical role in the Battle of Mount Bourgaon. He was murdered in Easter 536 in the mutiny led by Stotzas.[70]
Marcellus 541–552 Count of the Excubitors, he is described by Procopius as an austere and incorruptible man, who took part in the discovery of the conspiracy of Artabanes. In 552, he was member of an embassy to Pope Vigilius.[71]
Marinus 561–562 Count of the Excubitors, he was charged with suppressing racing faction violence in Constantinople, and in investigating the conspiracy to assassinate Emperor Justinian in November 562.[72]
Tiberius II 565–574 He was appointed count of the Excubitors during the reign of Justinian I, and was a protégé of Justin II. In 約570 he led the campaign against the Pannonian Avars around Sirmium and Thrace. When Justin II became insane, as the most influential member of the court he was named Caesar and de facto regent.[73]
Maurice 574?–582? A notarius of Tiberius, he was probably appointed count of the Excubitors as the latter's successor when Tiberius became Caesar. He likely held his post in tandem with the position of magister militum per Orientem (commander-in-chief of the East) against the Sasanian Empire, until he himself became Caesar in 582. By 577/78, he was also a patrikios.[74]
Philippicus 582/584–603 The husband of Maurice's sister Gordia, he was made count of the Excubitors sometime early in Maurice's reign, and held it until he retired to a monastery in 603. He also served at the same time as magister militum per Orientem against the Sasanians.[75]
Priscus 603?–612 Already a distinguished general and patrikios before being appointed as count of the Excubitors, shortly after Phocas came to power. In 607 he married Domentzia, daughter of Emperor Phocas, but conspired with Heraclius for the overthrow of Phocas. He led troops in Asia Minor against the Sasanians, but was dismissed and forced to retire as a monk by Heraclius in December 612.[76]
Nicetas 612–613 A cousin of the Emperor Heraclius, he participated in the overthrow of Phocas and was named a patrikios. Named count of the Excubitors in succession to Priscus, he led Byzantine troops against the Sasanians around Antioch, before going to Egypt as governor.[77]
Valentinus 6th/7th century Patrikios and "Count of the Imperial Exkoubiton" (komēs tou basilikou exkoubitou), known only from his seal of office.[78]
Valentinus 641 An Armenian aristocrat, he enforced the coronation of Constans II as co-emperor alongside Heraklonas, and was given the position of count of the Excubitors. From this post, he led campaigns against the Arabs, and may have been responsible for the overthrow of Heraklonas and his mother, Empress-regent Martina. Possibly identical to the previous.[79]
Stephen 7th century "Count of the Divine Exkoubiton" (komēs tou theiou exkoubitou), known only from his seal of office.[80]
哨兵軍家內官（英語：Domestikos）（δομέστικος τῶν ἐξκουβίτων）
Sisinios early 8th century Patrikios, magistros, and domestic of the Excubitors, grandfather of Patriarch Tarasios of Constantinople.[81]
Strategios Podopagouros 765 A spatharios (in one text variant patrikios) and domestic of the Excubitors (domestikos tōn ekskoubitōn （原文如此）), executed by Constantine V during his purge of iconophiles in 765.[82][83][84]
Constantine 780 A spatharios of the vikarios and domestic of the Excubitors (domestikos tōn ekskoubitorōn （原文如此）), he participated in a conspiracy against Empress-regent Irene of Athens in favor of the Caesar Nikephoros, and finally was arrested and imprisoned in a monastery.[82][85][86]
Niketas 750/800 Imperial prōtospatharios and domestic of the Excubitors, known only from his seal of office.[87][88][89]
Arsaber 750/850 Imperial prōtospatharios and "Domestic of the Exkoubiton" (domestikos tou exkoubitou), known only from his seal of office.[87][88]
Anonymous 811 "Domestic of the Exkoubiton" (domestikos tou ekskoubitou （原文如此）), he was killed at the Battle of Pliska.[90]
Michael II 813–? The future emperor Michael II was appointed to the post of exkoubitos by Leo V in 813, and held it for a number of years.[82][88][91]
Anonymous 829/842 Exkoubitos and simultaneously dēmokratēs of the racing faction of the Greens, under Emperor Theophilos.[92]
Constantine 約842 An Armenian, he commanded the tagma in 842.[92]
Leo 869 Patrikios and domestic of the Excubitors, he is recorded among the attendants at the 869 Church council in Constantinople.[92][93]
Ashot 896 An Armenian nobleman, he was regimental commander (exarchōn) and fell at the Battle of Boulgarophygon in 896.[92]
Paul 9th century Imperial prōtospatharios and domestic of the Excubitors, known only from his seal of office.[87][88][94]
Sergios 9th century Patrikios, imperial prōtospatharios and domestic of the Excubitors, known only from his seal of office.[87][88]
Symbatios 850/900 Patrikios, imperial prōtospatharios and domestic of the Excubitors, known only from his seal of office. Possibly to be identified with Symbatios the Armenian (活860s).[87][88][95]
Theophilos 9th century Imperial prōtospatharios and domestic of the Excubitors, known only from his seal of office.[87][88]
Aetios late 9th/early 10th century Imperial prōtospatharios and domestic of the Excubitors, known only from his seal of office. Potentially identical with a namesake domestic of the Scholae, or a droungarios of the Vigla of the same name.[96]
John Grapson 917 He commanded the regiment and was killed at the Battle of Acheloos in 917. His father Maroules had been Domestic of the tagma of the Hikanatoi. John Skylitzes describes him as a valiant and distinguished warrior.[92][93][97]
Anonymous 949 Referred to simply as "the exkoubitor", he participated with over 700 men and his topotērētēs in the failed expedition to Crete in 949.[98]
Pothos Argyros 約958/9 He is mentioned as being a patrikios and domestic of the Excubitors when he defeated a Magyar raid in the Balkans. Identified by some with a namesake domestic of the Scholae 約922.[92][99]
Peter 990 Referred to as an excubitus, he was murdered in southern Italy.[100]
Makrotheodoros 997 Referred to as an excubitus, he was murdered at Oria in southern Italy.[100]
Theodore 998 Mentioned in a deed from southern Italy, possibly identical with the previous.[100]
John (?) 950/1050 Imperial prōtospatharios, epi tou Chrysotriklinou (uncertain reading) and domestic of the Excubitors of the West, known only from his seal of office.[101]
Nikolitzes Kekaumenos turn of 10th/11th century The grandfather of the military writer Kekaumenos, who records him as domestic of the Excubitors of Hellas.[100]
Leo Patianos 1017 An excubitus who was killed during the revolt of Melus of Bari in southern Italy.[100]
Leo Choirosphaktes 1030 Commanded the Excubitors during Romanos III's failed campaign into northern Syria.[100]
Constantine Opos 1081 Commanded the Excubitors during the Battle of Dyrrhachium against the Italo-Normans.[102]
Martinos (possibly also Marianos or Adrianos) 9th/11th century Patrikios, imperial prōtospatharios and "Domestic of the Imperial Excubitors" (domestikos tōn basilikōn exkoubitōn), known only from his seal of office.[103]

注釋

  1. ^ 在羅馬軍隊中，「excubiae 」指的是崗哨，而「excubitores」指的是駐紮其中的士兵[1]。

引用

  1. ^ Ng 2012.
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Treadgold 1995，第13–14頁.
  3. ^ Treadgold 1997，第152頁.
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Whitby 2000，第291頁.
  5. ^ Evans 1996，第11–12, 41頁.
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 Treadgold 1995，第92頁.
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 Haldon 1984，第136頁.
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Bury 1911，第57頁.
  9. ^ Evans 1996，第11–13頁.
  10. ^ Treadgold 1997，第218頁.
  11. ^ Evans 1996，第264, 267頁.
  12. ^ Treadgold 1997，第227頁.
  13. ^ Treadgold 1997，第309–310頁.
  14. ^ Kaegi 1981，第174頁.
  15. ^ Haldon 1984，第164頁.
  16. ^ Haldon 1984，第136–137頁.
  17. ^ Haldon 1984，第162頁.
  18. ^ Haldon 1984，第121, 136, 161–162頁.
  19. ^ Haldon 1984，第162–164頁.
  20. ^ Haldon 1984，第161頁.
  21. ^ 21.0 21.1 Whittow 1996，第168頁.
  22. ^ Haldon 1984，第231–232頁.
  23. ^ 23.0 23.1 23.2 Kazhdan 1991，第646–647頁.
  24. ^ Haldon 1999，第78頁.
  25. ^ Bury 1911，第48頁.
  26. ^ Haldon 1999，第132頁.
  27. ^ 27.0 27.1 27.2 Haldon 1984，第234頁.
  28. ^ Treadgold 1997，第363–364頁.
  29. ^ Haldon 1984，第232–233頁.
  30. ^ Haldon 1984，第233頁.
  31. ^ Treadgold 1997，第417頁.
  32. ^ Whittow 1996，第168–170頁.
  33. ^ Treadgold 1997，第419–420頁.
  34. ^ 34.0 34.1 Haldon 1984，第235頁.
  35. ^ Haldon 1984，第242–245頁.
  36. ^ Treadgold 1997，第428–429頁.
  37. ^ Treadgold 1997，第433頁.
  38. ^ 38.0 38.1 38.2 Kühn 1991，第103頁.
  39. ^ Wortley 2010，第359頁.
  40. ^ Birkenmeier 2002，第156–159頁.
  41. ^ Haldon 1999，第91–93頁.
  42. ^ Treadgold 1995，第41頁.
  43. ^ 43.0 43.1 43.2 43.3 43.4 Haldon 1984，第137頁.
  44. ^ Haldon 1984，第125–126, 128頁.
  45. ^ Haldon 1984，第138–139頁.
  46. ^ 46.0 46.1 46.2 Haldon 1984，第138頁.
  47. ^ Bury 1911，第59頁.
  48. ^ 48.0 48.1 Kühn 1991，第93頁.
  49. ^ Haldon 1984，第290頁.
  50. ^ 50.0 50.1 50.2 Bury 1911，第58頁.
  51. ^ 51.0 51.1 51.2 51.3 Kühn 1991，第94頁.
  52. ^ Bury 1911，第105頁.
  53. ^ Haldon 1984，第258–271頁.
  54. ^ Treadgold 1997，第494頁.
  55. ^ Kühn 1991，第95頁.
  56. ^ Haldon 1984，第121, 138頁.
  57. ^ 57.0 57.1 Haldon 1984，第291頁.
  58. ^ PmbZ，Ioannikios (#3389/corr.).
  59. ^ Bury 1911，第58–59頁.
  60. ^ Haldon 1984，第291–292頁.
  61. ^ 61.0 61.1 Bury 1911，第59–60頁.
  62. ^ Treadgold 1995，第102, 104頁.
  63. ^ 63.0 63.1 Haldon 1984，第292–293頁.
  64. ^ Treadgold 1995，第103頁.
  65. ^ Haldon 1999，第102頁.
  66. ^ Treadgold 1997，第359頁.
  67. ^ Kühn 1991，第92, 93–94頁.
  68. ^ Martindale 1980，第649–650, 1295頁.
  69. ^ Martindale 1992，第1051, 1510頁.
  70. ^ Martindale 1992，第1248, 1510頁.
  71. ^ Martindale 1992，第815–816, 1510頁.
  72. ^ Martindale 1992，第831, 1510頁.
  73. ^ Martindale 1992，第1324–1325, 1510頁.
  74. ^ Martindale 1992，第856, 1510頁.
  75. ^ Martindale 1992，第1022, 1510頁.
  76. ^ Martindale 1992，第1052–1057, 1510頁.
  77. ^ Martindale 1992，第940–942, 1510頁.
  78. ^ Martindale 1992，第1353, 1510頁.
  79. ^ Martindale 1992，第1354–1355, 1510頁.
  80. ^ Martindale 1992，第1197, 1510頁.
  81. ^ PmbZ，Sisinnios (#6755).
  82. ^ 82.0 82.1 82.2 Kühn 1991，第96頁.
  83. ^ Haldon 1984，第355頁.
  84. ^ PmbZ，Strategios Podopaguros (#7130).
  85. ^ Haldon 1984，第355–356頁.
  86. ^ PmbZ，Konstantinos (#3826).
  87. ^ 87.0 87.1 87.2 87.3 87.4 87.5 Kühn 1991，第99頁.
  88. ^ 88.0 88.1 88.2 88.3 88.4 88.5 88.6 Haldon 1984，第356頁.
  89. ^ PmbZ，Niketas (#35427).
  90. ^ PmbZ，Anonymus (#11339).
  91. ^ PmbZ，Michael II. (#4990/corr.).
  92. ^ 92.0 92.1 92.2 92.3 92.4 92.5 Kühn 1991，第97頁.
  93. ^ 93.0 93.1 Haldon 1984，第357頁.
  94. ^ PmbZ，Paulos (#5863).
  95. ^ PmbZ，Symbatios (#7170).
  96. ^ PmbZ，Aëtios (#20144).
  97. ^ PmbZ，Ioannes Grapson (#22915).
  98. ^ PmbZ，Anonymus (#31259).
  99. ^ PmbZ，Pothos Argyros (#26730).
  100. ^ 100.0 100.1 100.2 100.3 100.4 100.5 Kühn 1991，第98頁.
  101. ^ PmbZ，Ioannes (#23288).
  102. ^ Kühn 1991，第98–99頁.
  103. ^ Kühn 1991，第100頁.

來源

Template:Sfn whitelist

延伸閱讀

  • Croke, Brian. Leo I and the Palace Guard. Byzantion, Revue Internationale des Études Byzantines. 2005, 75: 117–151. ISSN 0378-2506. JSTOR 44172993. 
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